Cardiovascular Diseases

Question 1

lipid profile

Answer 1

includes:

• total cholesterol
• LDL cholesterol
• HDL cholesterol
• triglycerides

Question 2

LDL cholesterol

Answer 2

bad cholesterol
want this number to be low <100
deliver cholesterol and triglycerides from the lover to the tissues

Question 3

HDL cholesterol

Answer 3

good cholesterol
want this number to be high >60
scavenge excess cholesterol from tissues and return it to the liver

Question 4

health implications of LDL and HDL

Answer 4

high concentrations of LDL and low concentrations of HDL in the blood are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease

Question 5

factors to help lower LDL and raise HDL

Answer 5

weight management
physical activity
soluble fibers
replacing saturated and trans fats with poly and monounsaturated fat

Question 6

cholesterol guidelines for children

Answer 6

all children should be screened for high cholesterol at least once between the ages of 9 and 11, and again between 17 and 21
most children with high cholesterol would be referred to lifestyle modifications including diet and physical activity
for children with high blood pressure, the DASH eating is also recommended

Question 7

coronary heart disease (CHD)

Answer 7

a chronic, progressive disease characterized by obstructed blood flow in the coronary arteries of the heart
usually caused by atherosclerosis (buildup of lipids and fibrous scar tissue in the arteries)

Question 8

risk factors for coronary heart disease

Answer 8

modifiable:

• smoking
• high total or LDL cholesterol
• high triglycerides (>150)
• BP >120/80
• physical inactivity
• obesity
• diabetes
• stress
• overconsumption of alcohol

non-modifiable:

• age
• sex
• family history
• race

Question 9

to reduce CHD risk

Answer 9

healthy dietary pattern
regular physical activity
tobacco avoidance
healthy weight

Question 10

nutritional implications for CHD

Answer 10

diet should emphasize:

• fruits
• veggies
• whole grains
• low fat dairy
• poultry
• fish
• legumes
• nontropical vegetable oils
• nuts

Question 11

saturated fat

Answer 11

replace saturated fats with poly or monounsaturated fats
american heart association recommendation (for elevated LDL):
- 5-6% calories from saturated fat
- 2,000 calorie diet: 13g of saturated fat daily

Question 12

trans fat

Answer 12

may raise LDL and lower HDL
avoid products with partially hydrogenated oils:
- crackers
- cookies
- donuts
- potato chips
- fried foods

Question 13

dietary cholesterol

Answer 13

advise eating a dietary pattern consisting of fruits, veggies, whole grains, low fat dairy, lean proteins, nuts, seeds, vegetable oils
eggs:
- healthy people can eat a whole egg daily
- 3 oz of shrimp = 1 egg
patients with dyslipidemia should be cautious
for older patients with normal cholesterol - 2 eggs can be safe

Question 14

what to increase for heart health

Answer 14

soluble fibers:
- oats, barley, legumes, fruits
omega-3 fatty acids:
- consume 2 or more servings of fish weekly
- salmon, mackerel, herring, lake trout, sardines, albacore tuna
alcohol:
- no more than 1/day for women
- no more than 2/day for men

Question 15

what to change for heart health

Answer 15

BP reduction
physical activity
smoking cessation
weight reduction

Question 16

hypertension

Answer 16

high BP
primary risk factor for atherosclerosis and CHD
a 10mm Hg reduction in systolic BP (or a 5mmg HG reduction in diastolic) may lower risk of death from CHD and stroke by 45-55%

Question 17

treatment of hypertension

Answer 17

weight reduction
DASH eating
sodium restriction (1500-2000mg/day)
physical activity
moderate to no alcohol consumption

Question 18

hypertension values

Answer 18

normal: 120/80
elevated: 120-129/<80
hypertension stage 1: 130-139/80-89
hypertension stage 2: >140/>90