cardiovascular diseases Flashcards
1
Q
non-invasive imaging modalities
A
- plain radiography
- cardiac CT
- cardiac MRI
- echocardiography
- nuclear cardiology (NM with PET or SPECT)
2
Q
invasive cardiac imaging techniques
A
- coronary catheterization
- intravascular ultrasound
3
Q
risk factors of heart diseases
A
- diabetes
- hypertension
- high cholesterol
- smoking
- physical inactivity
4
Q
early intervention of heart disease
A
- smoking cessation
- control of BP
- control blood sugar and cholesterol levels
- increase physical activity
- promote healthy eating
5
Q
normal cardiothoracic ratio
A
0.42-0.50
6
Q
cardiothoracic ratio that indicates cardiomegaly
A
> 0.55
7
Q
key specifications for CT cardiac imaging systems
A
- speed
- motion correction algorithms
- cardiac metal artifact reduction software
- calcium scoring software
- plaque assessment software
- CT perfusion software
- transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)/ structural heart planning software
- fractional flow reserve computed tomography FFR-CT assessment capability
8
Q
cardiac CT is routinely performed to
A
- gain knowledge about cardiac or coronary anatomy
- detect or diagnose coronary artery diseases (CAD)
- evaluate patency of coronary artery bypass grafts or implanted coronary stents
- evaluate volumetry and cardiac function
9
Q
limitations of CTA
A
- rapid (>80bpm) and irregular heart rate
- high calcium scores (>800-1000)
- stents
- contrast requirements
- small vessels and collaterals
- obese and uncooperative patients
- radiation exposure
10
Q
advantages of using MRI
A
- no radiation
- less toxic gandolinium contrast
11
Q
limitations of MRI
A
- expensive
- claustrophobic
- long acquisition time
- contra-indicated in patients with metallic prosthesis
- technical artifacts with 3T
12
Q
2 modes of echocardiography
A
- 2D
- motion (M-mode)
13
Q
what is 2D mode
A
- offers the possibility of real-time high resolution imaging of cardiac structure and function
- basis of the study of cardiac imaging with US, as it is the reference for analysis of cardiac flow with pulsed-wave Doppler (PWD), continuous wave doppler (CWD) and colour flow doppler
14
Q
what is M mode
A
- prove 1D view of all reflectors along one US line
- useful in quantifying the mobility of structures and measuring dimensions
15
Q
why is nuclear cardiology performed
A
- assess myocardial blood flow
- quantify the extent of the heart muscle with limited blood flow
- evaluate the pumping function of the heart
- visualise the size and location of a heart attack
- localisation of coronary artery with atherosclerosis
16
Q
what is myocardial SPECT
A
- typically performed using a multi-detector gamma camera system, which rotates around the chest to obtain tomographic images of single emitted photons
- resulting tomographic data sets are reoriented along the left ventricular short and long axis
17
Q
what is radionuclide ventriculography
A
- useful for measuring resting and exercise ejection fraction in CAD, valvular heart disease, and congenital heart disease
- occasionally used with exercise stress testing instead of echocardiography to assess exercise EF
18
Q
what is PET
A
- can outline heart muscles that is not getting adequate blood flow due to blockage in the arteries
- can show heart muscle has been scarred from past heart attacks
- can show what has been damaged but has the potential to recover if a bypass surgery or an angioplasty is performed
- evaluate nervous system of the heart
- determine suitability for bypass surgery or angioplasty
19
Q
purpose of cardiac catheterisation
A
- angina or abnormal heart rhythm
- arterial blockages
- heart valves
- cardiomyopathy
- congenital heart defect
- haemodynamic assessment
- biopsy
20
Q
what is IVUS
A
- miniature sound prove on the tip of coronary catheter is threaded through coronary arteries and, using high frequency sound waves, produces detailed images of the interior walls of the arteries
