cardiovascular disease and medicines Flashcards
define chronic heart failure:
“A complex clinical syndrome with typical
symptoms (e.g. dyspnoea, fatigue) that can
occur at rest or on effort, and is characterised by
objective evidence of an underlying structural
abnormality or cardiac dysfunction that impairs
the ability of the ventricle to fill with or eject blood (particularly during physical activity)”
list 5 aetiologies (cause) for chronic heart failure
coronary artery disease/ prior myocardial infarction
essential hypertension
diabetes
mitral/aortic valve disease
alcohol misuse
heart failure prognosis?
progressive and has poor prognosis (likely course of medical condition).
define systole
heart contract (systole) and ejects blood
define diastole
heart relaxes (diastole). atria, ventricle fill with blood
describe process of heart contraction and anatomical structures involved:
right atrium contract –> blood flow from veins into right ventricle –> atrium relax to fill with venous blood
blood moves to right ventricle passively when tricuspid valve opens in ventricular relaxation. active emptying happens when atrium contracts.
left ventricular eject fraction? what is it? how can it be measured?
fraction of blood ejected by each ventricle contraction:
LVEF = SV/EDV
LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction
EDV = end-diastolic volume
ESV = end-systolic volume
SV = (EDV-ESV) = stroke volume
measured non-invasively with MRI.
What is HFrEF, and what does it stand for? how is it characterised?
Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction. It is characterized by a Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) of 40% or less,
indicating systolic heart failure
What is HFpEF, and what does it stand for?
Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. It is a type of heart failure where the incidence is approximately 50%, ranging from 40% to 71%. associated with diastolic heart failure.
