Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Pathology > Cardiovascular Disease > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the risk factors for CVD

A

HTN, hyperlipidemia, smoking» DM, overweight, sedentary, obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the leading cause of death in US

A

Heart disease and then stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the forms of CVD

A

Coronary Heart Disease&raquo_space; Stroke > Heart Failure, HTN, Congenital Heart Defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the cardiovascular continuum?

A

Start with a predisposed risk factor which leads to atherosclerosis leading to coronary artery disease leading to MI then HF then Death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is cholesterol for and where is it made and how is it transported

A

a compound produced by liver and uptake from diet and used for cell membranes and steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile acid

Transported by lipoproteins because lipids are not soluble in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a chylomicron

A

From the small intestine to the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is VLDL

A

very low density lipoprotein

From the liver to the peripheral tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is LDL

A

from peripheral tissues to liver + vascular intima (not good!!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is HDL

A

from peripheral tissues to the liver to collect excess cholesterol and convert to bile acids for excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is hyperlipidemia and its criteria and treatment?

A

excess amount of cholesterol / lipids

TG > 150
LDL > 100
HDL < 40
TC > 200

Tx: mainly lifestyle + meds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is total cholesterol formula

A

TC = LDL + HDL + 0.2xTG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is primary hyperlipidemia

A

genetic + more severe/rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is secondary hyperlipidemia

A

polygenetic and more common (high fat diet and lifestyle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the ocular manifestations of hyperlipidemia

A

Arcus (very common in 50+): excess lipid in corneal stroma

Xanthelasma: foam cells in nasal position (macrophages with excess lipids)
- TG > 1000

Lipemia Retinalis: white vessels (ischemic)
- mostly genetic or diet (RARE) because TG >2500

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is atherosclerosis and its epidemiology

A

chronic inflammatory disorder of tunica intima (large or medium vessels) that form atheromas

M>F; most common chronic disease in US (80% of CVD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can atherosclerosis lead to

A

thrombus, ischemia, embolism, aneurysm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the steps of atherosclerosis

A

Risk factor will injure the intima (HTN, DM, Smoking)

Insudation: open path of excess lipids into the intima

Oxidation: free radicals initiate cell damage + draw in macrophages

Foam Cell: form atheroma in vessel wall

Fatty Streaks: body tries to heal but cannot get rid of it and so it activates fibroblasts which makes fibrous plaques (impedes blood flow)

If that plaque ruptures = thrombus formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is coronary heart disease and its risk factors

A

narrowing of coronary arteries because of atherosclerosis

DM, Stroke, HTN, Hyperlipidemia, Lifestyle

19
Q

What are the 2 types of stenosis from CHD?

A

Critical: gradual development with 70-75% obstruction and usually asymptomatic (only symptomatic with increased demand or stress)

90% Stenosis: inadequate coronary blood flow at REST so you’ll get symptoms

20
Q

What are the 2 clinical manifestations of CHD? How do you treat them?

A

Angina (myocardium ischemia, 30 mins, elicited by cold, stress, exertion, heavy meal, cocaine, or stress and treated with nitroglycerin (acute) or beta blockers (chronic)

Myocardial Infarction (due to ischemia + thrombosis, CHD, embolism, congenital heart anomaly, or idiopathic)

21
Q

What are the symptoms of male MI

A

radiating chest pain, lighthead, sweating, nausea, SOB

22
Q

What are the symptoms of female MI

A

weak, nausea, lighthead, LOWER CHEST discomfort, upper abdominal pressure

23
Q

What is the diagnosis criteria for MI

A

ANS (tachy, sweat, pallor, brady, vomit)

Elevated Blood Levels (myoglobin, creatine kinase, cardiac troponin)

ECG

24
Q

What are the types of MI

A

Most severe (left anterior descending coronary artery)

Transmural (occlusion of major CA and affects thickness)

Subendocardial (at risk areas, internal areas of heart)

25
Q

What are some MI complications

A

cardiac arrhythmia (85%)

heart failure (acute or chronic)

myocardial rupture (rare): within days of MI 
- pericardial tamponade: compresses heart and decreases CO

Pericarditis: inflammatory reaction to myocardium death

Fever: endogenous pyrogens released

Mural Thrombosis and Emboli: part of wall lost function and blood is stagnant = thrombus forms

26
Q

What is cardiac arrhythmia?

A

irregular heartbeat which leads to inefficient heart contractions, decreased CO, and can be fatal

27
Q

What is heart failure and how is it caused

A

inadequate cardiac output to meet body’s metabolic demands

MI, HTN, valvular disease, cardiomyopathy, and cardiac arrhythmia

28
Q

What are the damages leading to heart failure

A

blood loss (decreased BF from thrombus), conduction system failure, pump failure

congestion of heart or blood flow and inability to increase CO

29
Q

What are the differences between left-sided and right-sided heart failure (symptoms?)

A

Left Sided: Pulmonary Edema (tachypnea and cyanosis)
- rapid breathing, hypoxic / blue

Right Sided: Peripheral Edema (hepatomegaly and ascites)
- most often caused by left-sided heart failure

30
Q

What are the compensatory mechanisms to heart failure

A

temporarily restore CO but damaged in the long term

sympathetic activation, compensatory vasoconstriction, myocardial hypertrophy

31
Q

What is cardiomyopathy

A

myocardial degeneration leading to heart failure

32
Q

what are the causes of myocyte injury

A

MI, HTN, DM, viral infection

33
Q

what is dilated cardiomyopathy

A

enlarged heart with normal heart wall thickness
increased ventricular chamber
decreased contractiIity

34
Q

what is restrictive cardiomyopathy and how is it caused

A

normal heart size with reduced filling capacity and
normal contractility ~ rigid over time

Caused by amyloidosis or idiopathic

35
Q

what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and what is the diagnostic criteria and genetic origin

A

larger heart with reduced filling capacity and normal contractility

intraventricular septum is thicker than 1.5cm

autosomal dominant

most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young adults

36
Q

what is stenosis

A

valve that cannot open fully (there is a narrowing)

37
Q

what is regurgitation

A

valve cannot close completely and there is backflow now

38
Q

what is mitral valve regurgitation

A

damage to the left ventricle and blood flows back into atria

39
Q

what is aortic valve stenosis and its causes as well as ocular manifestation

A

age-related calcification and congenital stenosis

calcium emboli: able to be observed downstream as hollenhorst plaque lodged in retinal arteries

40
Q

What is a mitral valve prolapse and its epidemiology and ocular manifestation

A

degeneration of connective tissue in valve (2.5% of population)

valve leaflets balloon into the left atrium during systole (contraction) and leads to MVR + irregular blood flow and CRAO/BRAO/CO

Platelet Emboli – coagulation risk

41
Q

what is endocarditis and its ocular manifestation

A

inflammation of inner lining of heart from strep or staphylococcus

predisposed by rheumatic endocarditis

Forms Roth Spots(red dot with white center) – choroiditis and endophthalmitis

42
Q

what is rheumatic heart disease

A

occurs in 5-15 year olds 1-5 weeks after Group A streptococcal or scarlet fever

Type II hypersensitivity (molecular mimicry)

43
Q

What is acute pericarditis and its causes

A

less than 6 weeks and confused with MI

caused by neoplasm, autoimmune or viral

44
Q

what is chronic pericarditis and what is it caused by? Associations?

A

more than 6 months; scarring restricts movement and ability to protect heart

Caused by TB infection or idiopathic

Associated with SLE, uremia, rheumatic fever, and metastatic malignancies

Medical Pathology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions