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Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is cardiovascular disease?

A
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2
Q

Briefly explain the following:

  1. Coronary heart disease
  2. Cerebrovascular disease
  3. Peripheral arterial disease
  4. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
  5. Rheumatic heart disease
  6. Congenital heart disease
A
  1. disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle
  2. disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain
  3. disease of blood vessels supplying the arms andlegs
  4. blood clots in the leg veins, which can dislodge and move to the heart and lungs.
  5. damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria
  6. malformations of heart structure existing at birth
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3
Q

Define blood pressure

A

the force exerted on the arterial walls by the blood circulating through them

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4
Q

Finish these two equations:

Blood Pressure = _______ _______ x ______ _________

Cardiac Output = _____ ______ x ______ ________

A

Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance

Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

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5
Q

How is blood pressure controlled?

(4 ways)

A
  • Nervous control
    • Cardiovascular Centre in Medulla
  • Hormonal Regulation
    • Adrenaline/Noradrenaline
    • Antidiuretic hormone
    • Angiotensin II
    • Aldosterone
  • Chemical mediators
    • oxygen and carbon dioxide
    • vasoactive substances from cells
  • Auto regulation (local control)
    • physical factors
    • warmth vasodilation
    • cold vasoconstriction
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6
Q

Outline the pathophysiology of hypertension

A

Persistently elevated arterial BP

  • Sustained increase in peripheral resistance and Increased circulating blood volume or both.
  • Several mechanisms proposed for primary ↑BP
  • Increased sympathetic drive
  • Activation of Renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system
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7
Q

Define, and give causes for…

  1. Essential hypertension
  2. Secondary hypertension
  3. Malignant
A
  1. The blood pressure is elevated without evidence of other disease causing elevation.
    1. Thought to include constitutional factors involving the kidney, SNS hyperactivity, renin angiotension system, or interacelluar sodium levels.(Porth, 2011).
  2. The blood pressure is raised as a result of some other disorder
    1. Renal problems; Drugs; Hormonal; Tumor; Coarctation of Aorta
  3. Small no. with hypertension develop accelerated form. Diastolic values above 120mmHg; Uncontrollable & Severe; Rapidly progressive; Serious complications
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8
Q

Define the three stages of hypertension

A
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9
Q

How is high blood pressure diagnosed?

A
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10
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of high blood pressure?

A

Can be asymptomatic in early stages

Fatigue

Malaise

Headache

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11
Q

List some complications of high blood pressure

A

Major risk factor for atherosclerosis

Peripheral vascular disease

Aortic aneurysm / Aortic dissection

Heart failure/ Acute coronary syndromes

Renal damage

Stroke

Ophthalmic damage.

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12
Q

Outline the management of hypertension

A
  1. Lifestyle interventions – Patient will need assessment, education & ongoing support.
  2. Cardiovascular risk management.
  3. Pharmacological Interventions
    1. Under 55 years - angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor
    2. > 55 years calcium-channel blocker (CCB)
    3. Diuretic treatment
    4. Beta-blockers may be considered in younger people
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13
Q

What is the relationship between hypertension and cardiovascular disease?

A
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14
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

General term for all types of arterial changes, characterised by thickening & hardening of vessel wall.

Best applied to degenerative changes in the small arteries & arterioles in over 50’s & those with diabetes.

Accumulation of plasma proteins & lipids

Causes loss of elasticity, thickening & hardening of walls, narrowed lumen & obstruction

Leading to ischemia and necrosis such as brain, kidneys, heart.

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15
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

A form of Arteriosclerosis, accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages within arterial wall.

  • Leading to the presence of Atherosclerotic / atheromatous plaque.
  • Pathological process affecting vascular systems throughout the body.
  • Results in ischaemic conditions that can vary in severity & clinical manifestations.
  • Disease of large and medium sized arteries.
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16
Q

Describe the features of atherosclerosis

A
  • Progressive disease, begins with injury to endothelial cells, adhesion of monocytes & platelets.
  • Inflammation of endothelial cells, initiates the process of atherogenesis.
  • Impairs ability to make antithrombotic & vasodilating cytokines.
  • Inflamed endothelial cells cause binding of macrophages, inflammatory & immune cells.
  • Resulting in activation of macrophages, releasing numerous inflammatory mediators & enzymes. Damages vessel wall.
  • These adhere to endothelium & penetrate the intimia, macrophages engulf lipoproteins (LDL Particles).
  • Lipid laden macrophages now called foam cells.
  • Significant amount = fatty streaks.
    • Fatty streaks – produce more toxic oxygen free radicals, secrete additional inflammatory mediators. Causing progressive damage to vessel wall.
  • Macrophages release growth factor that stimulates smooth muscle cell proliferation.
    • cause further proliferation, producing collagen, migrating over the fatty streak, forming a fibrous plaque (atheroma /fibrous cap).
  • Plaque = an accumulation of lipids, proliferation of SMC, scar tissue & calcification.
    • Plaques can be unstable
    • Prone to rupture, ruptured plaques (Complicated lesions)
17
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis?

A

Narrowing of blood vessels causing ischaemia.

  • Abdominal Aorta /Iliac Arteries
  • Coronary Arteries
  • Thoracic Aorta, Femoral & popiteal arteries
  • Internal carotid Arteries
  • Vertebral, basiliar and middle cerebral arteries

Sudden vessel obstruction

Thrombosis & emboli formation

Aneurysm formation.

18
Q

Define the term ‘stroke’

A

Also known as a cerebrovascular accident, it is any focal neurological deficit of vascular origin which is either fatal or lasts longer than 24 hours.

19
Q

A stroke results in injury of brain tissue

What effects will the interruption of cerebral blood supply have?

A
  • O2 and glucose supply reduced
  • Oedema at site of stroke
  • Interruption of cerebral blood supply
20
Q

What are the two main types of stroke?

A

Occlusive/Ischaemic (most common)

Haemorrhagic (bleeding into brain tissue)

21
Q

Briefly outline the pathophysilogy of a stroke

A
  • Infarction of brain tissue
  • Tissue necrosis
  • Central area of tissue necrosis develops
  • Surrounded by an area of inflammation
  • Immediate loss of function.
22
Q

Patient AS suffers a stroke

1) Name some likely clinical manifestations
2) What is a simple way to assess a stroke?

A

1) Depends on the cerebral artery affected and the area of brain tissue supplied by that vessel

  • loss of consciousness
  • motor or sensory impairment
  • hemiparesis
  • Numbness, weakness or paralysis on one side of the body
  • Slurred speech or difficulty finding words or understanding speech
  • Sudden blurred vision or loss of sight
  • Confusion
  • Severe headache

2) FAST – (face, arm, speech, time)

23
Q

Compare and contrast an ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke

A
24
Q

Outline the pharamocological management of a stroke and any important considerations to make

A
  • Thrombolysis
  • Aspirin
  • Anti-hypertensive
  • Lipid lowering drugs
25
Q

What are the risk factors for a stroke?

A
  • Age (risk increases with age)
  • Hypertension
  • Heart disease/Arrhythmia
  • Smoking
  • Hyperlipademia
  • Diabetes
  • Polycythemia
26
Q

What is a Transient Ischaemic Attack

A

Temporary localised reduction in blood flow in the brain.

Can be caused by partial occlusion

Recovery within 24 hours.

Can serve as a warning.

Person remains conscious.

27
Q

Slide 27

A
28
Q
A

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