Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards
Where has cardiovascular disease been the main killer since 1990?
Europe
What was the main reason for creating the paramedic profession?
To provide early, definitive treatments for patients with acute myocardial infarcation.
How many people die in England every year from coronary heart disease?
Over 110,000
Where is the anatomical location of the heart?
In the thoracic cavity in the mediastinum behind the left of the sternum. The apex of the heart is on the bottom and lies along the diagram.
What is the size of the heart
Approximately 12cm long and 9cm wide.
Weighing 250-390g in a man and 200-275g in a woman.
Describe the anatomy of the ascending aorta.
The ascending has the coronary arteries coming off it supplying the heart muscle with blood.
Describe the anatomy of the arch of the aorta
The arch has three branches off it. The brachiocephalic artery (which decided into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery)
The left common carotid artery
The left subclavian artery.
Describe the anatomy of the descending aorta.
As it enters the abdomen the left and right renal arteries branch off The lumbar arteries branch out from behind. Then the left and and right gonadals then come out of the side. Ovarian and spermatic arteries) The superior (intestines) and inferior (large intestine) mesentric branch from the front. In the abdomen it branches into the two common iliac arteries
Use diagram to mark up inner anatomy of the heart.
Superior vena cava Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins Right atrium Pulmonary valve Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Inferior vena cava Left common carotid artery Left subclavian artery Aortic arch Ascending aorta Aortic valve Left pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins Left atrium Mitral valve Chordae tendinae Papillary muscle Left ventricle Interventricular septum Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium
How does blood flow through the heart?
In through the superior vena cava. Into the right atrium Through the triscuspid valve Into the right at ventricle Through the pulmonary valve Through the pulmonary artery To the lungs Down the pulmonary vein Into the left atrium Through the mitral valve In to the left ventricle Through the aortic valve Into the aorta
What is the functions of the cardiovascular system and blood.
Carry oxygen and nutrients to the cells. Maintain body temperature Maintain the acid-base balance through excretion and absorption of hydrogen ions. Regulation of fluid balance Removal of waste products Blood clotting Defence action
How much blood does the heart pump each day
7000 to 9000 litres
Describe the outer layers of the heart.
Two tough sacs surrounding the heart. The serous pericardium and the fiborus pericardium
The fiborus a tough, inelastic layer made up of dense, irregular, connective tissue. Prevents over stretching if the heart, protection and holds heart in place.
The serous pericardium thinner more delicate inner layer of the pericardium, fused to the fibrous
In between the serous and epicardium is the pericardial cavity filled with fluid called the pericardial fluid. This reduces friction between the membranes as the heart moves.
Does not stretch readily
Cannot accommodate sudden accumulations of fluid
Describe the inner layers of the heart
The epicardium the layer outer layer.
The myocardium the muscular layer dealing the mechanical motion of the heart and initiating and and conducting of electrical pulses.
The endocardium the inner layer of the heart.
Use a diagram to label the outer anatomy of the heart.
Superior vena cava Aorta Right atrium right coronary artery Posterior descending artery Right marginal artery Right ventricle Left pulmonary artery Left pulmonary. Wins Left coronary artery Left circumflex artery Left marginal artery Left anterior descending artery Diagonal branch Left ventricle
Describe the anatomy of an artery on diagram
Tunia adventitia outer fiborus sheath
Tunica media middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue
Tunica intima smooth outer lining of the endothelium
endothelium inner lining of artery
Lumen
What are arteries
Thick walled, muscular tubes that carry blood away from the heart and are usually oxygenated
Describe the atrial wall
Highly sensitive to stimulation from the autonomic nervous system.
Changes diameter as it contracts and relaxes
Regulates blood pressure generated by blood flowing through the body.
What are the capillaries
A network of microscopic vessels between the arterioles and venules.
Extremely thin walled to allow gas and nutrient exchange
Diameter is so small that blood must pass through in single file.
Describe the veins.
They operate on the low pressure side of the system and have thinner walls than arteries. They have less capacity to decrease their diameter than arteries.
They work through a system of calves and back pressure
The inferior vena cava carries blood from the lower part of the body
The superior carries blood from the upper part.
How does the heart vary blood flow.
Heart varies the degree of its contractions.
The tighter it squeezes the more ventricular blood is ejected into the heart.
Nervous controls regulate the contractibility of the heart.
It can be altered with drugs.
What is special about the heart.
It generates its own electrical impulses
It has specialised conductive tissue and its own pacemaker the Sinoatrial node.
What factors affect heart rate?
Circulating chemicals Activity and exercise as we exercise more oxygen is needed and the heart rate increases to meet this need Emotional states Gender Age Body temperature
Describe a cardiac cycle
P atrial depolarisation. The time taken for an electrical impulse to spread throughout the atrial musculature
P-R the time taken to travel through the av node to the bundle of his
QRS represents ventricular depolarisation
ST period between ventricular depolarisation and repolarisation
T repolarization of the ventricles
R-R the time between two depolarisations
