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CardioVascular Disease > CardioVascular Disease > Flashcards

CardioVascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to the arteries in Coronary Heart Disease?

A

They narrow.

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2
Q

What are the risk factors in MI and Angina?

Coronary Heart Disease

A

High cholesterol

Smoking

Obesity

High blood pressure

Diabetes

Inactivity

Stress

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3
Q

What age group does Coronary Heart Disease usually affect?

A

Can affect anyone, though it is most common in Age 40+

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4
Q

Does Coronary Heart Disease affect men more or women more?

A

It affects men more than women.

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5
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Disease of the coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis or CCF.

Includes Angina and heart attacks (MI)

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6
Q

What happens in CardioVascular disease when there is not enough clotting?

A

Haemophilia

Thrombocytopenia

Bruises more easily

Excess bleeding.

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7
Q

What happens when there is too much clotting in Cardiovascular disease?

A

Deep vein thrombosis

Pulmonary embolism

Stroke

Results in a blockage of blood vessels and reduced blood flow past the area of the blockage.

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8
Q

What are congenital disorders?

Cardiovascular disease

A

Hole in the heart

Transposition of the great arteries - resulting in mixing of venous blood and oxygenated blood, and less oxygen being supplied to the tissues.

Coarctation of the aorta - narrowing of the aorta - usually close to the heart, resulting in increased resistance to blood flow.

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9
Q

What are Arrhythmias?

Cardiovascular disease

A

Inefficient contraction of the heart muscle, reducing cardiac output in some cases.

Life threatening Arrhythmias include ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.

Non life threatening Arrhythmias include bradycardia, ectopic beats and atrial fibrillation.

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10
Q

What is valve stenosis?

Cardiovascular disease

A

Narrowing of the valve opening due to stiffness of the valve.

Less blood is able to pass through the valve.

There is a reduction in blood for circulation

There is increased pressure in the chamber behind the valve

This can result in heart failure

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11
Q

What is valve regurgitation?

Cardiovascular disease

A

Incomplete closure of the valves

It allows blood to flow back through into the previous chamber

It results in ineffective blood flow out of the heart

There is increased pressure in the chamber behind the valve

It can result in heart failure

It effects women more than men

It can produce heart murmurs.

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12
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease?

Cardiovascular disease

A

Narrowing of the peripheral vessels

Affects 3% of under 60s

Affects 20% of over 75s

Results in leg pain during exercise due to the lack of oxygen supply to muscles (intermittent claudication). Can also result in gangrene and amputation.

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13
Q

What are the risk factors of peripheral vascular disease?

A

Smoking

Diabetes

Inactivity

High blood pressure

High cholesterol

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14
Q

What is ventricular failure?

Cardiovascular disease

A

Failure of the heart muscle to pump blood

Results in 40’000 hospital admissions per year.

It is caused by MI, high BP, valve stenosis or regurgitation

Thickening of the wall of ventricle will try to work harder which will eventually be unable to cope, resulting in decreased contraction.

Results in cyanosis, low blood pressure, oedema, breathlessness, decreased exercise tolerance and orthopneoa.

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15
Q

What is an aneurysm?

Cardiovascular disease

A

A bulge in the arterial wall.

Results in pooling of blood and possible development of thrombi, rupture.

This usually affects older individuals unless there is a congenital weakness

Can result in death depending on the site and size.

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16
Q

What are the common risk factors of aneurysms?

A

Smoking

Atherosclerosis

Heart attacks

Male more than female

High blood pressure

Using cocaine

Low K+

17
Q

What are the most common sites of an aneurysm?

A

Abdominal aorta

Cerebral arteries

18
Q

What is Cardiovascular disease?

A

All diseases of the heart and blood vessels, such as stroke, haemorrhage or clot, TIA, congenital heart defects, valvular heart disease, or peripheral arterial disease

19
Q

How is cardiovascular function measured?

A

Heart rate

Respirations

Blood pressure

Mobility

Exercise testing

Stress testing

Auscultation

Doppler

Oximetry

ECG

Pulse testing

20
Q

What are the key signs to observe for in seeing if someone has a cardiovascular problem?

A 
Chest pain/radiation of pain
Shortness of breath
Arrhythmias/heart sounds
Nausea and vomiting
Rate of respiration
Peripheral vasoconstriction 
Hypertension/hypotension
Heart disease/heart failure
Hyperkalaemia
21
Q

What are the guidelines in reducing blood pressure?

A 
Weight reduction
Salt reduction
Alcohol moderation 
Increase physical activity
Increase intake of fruit and vegetables 
Decrease total and saturated fat intake
22
Q

What are the guidelines in reducing the risk of developing cardiovascular disease?

A

Stop smoking
Decrease total and saturated fat intake
Replace saturated fats with monounsaturated
Increase oily fish consumption

23
Q

How as a nurse can you improve the well being in someone who is at risk of heart diseases?

A

Promote smoking cessation

Educate and encourage healthy eating

Educate them in managing their weight gain and obesity

Manage side effects of medication

Promote physical activity - exercise.

24
Q

What is a stent and why are they used?

A

A stent is a wire that is placed into the main blood vessel in aim to push the clot through and to create a better blood flow.

25
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

This is a blockage of blood flow to the lungs

26
Q

How can you determine upon physical observation the likelihood of an event being a heart attack or angina?

A

If the patient sits down and the pain reduces, it is most likely an angina attack.

If they sit down and the pain persists, it is probably a heart attack

27
Q

Where is the most common site of the body where a male or female may experience pain in an angina attack or a heart attack?

A

Men usually experience pain in the arms.

Women usually experience pain in the neck/jaw.

It is thought this this is due to the location of the major blood vessels

28
Q

When are cardiac problems most likely to occur?

A

During the night, as when a person is laid down the body struggles to pump blood efficiently

CardioVascular Disease (4 decks)

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