Cardiovascular Disease

Question 1

A medical emergency; blood fills the pericardial sac, prevents heart from filling and pumping.

Beck’s Triad:
Hypotension
Extended neck veins
Muffled heart sound

Answer 1

Cardiac Temponade

Question 2

To remove fluid from pericardial sac, with a needle, ultrasound guided

Answer 2

Pericardiocentesis

Question 3

Opening of chest wall to drain blood or remove clots

Answer 3

Thoracotomy

Question 4

Inflammation of the pericardium
May cause: Arrythmias, cardiac temponade if not treated on time

Answer 4

Pericarditis

Question 5

Inflammation of the myocardium
Caused by: viral, bacterial, fungal infection

Answer 5

Myocarditis

Question 6

Inflammation of the inside lining of the heart; affects the lining of the chambers and coverings of the heart.

Caused by: bacterial infection that grow into vegetation
May cause: valve function; regurgitation
Complication: Congestive heart failure, arrythmias, embolism

Answer 6

Endocarditis

Question 7

Inflammatory condition associated with rheumatic fever; By group A streptococci (from streptococcal pharyngitis).

Affect: joints, skin, CNS, and heart causing carditis
Damage: Stenosis, arrhythmias, ventricular dysfunction

Mgt: NSAIDa or corticosteroids

Answer 7

Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)

Question 8

Most common type of arrhythmias;
faulty electrical signals, atria beat rapidly and irregularly;
Blood not pumped out efficiently;
Result: stroke or heart failure

Answer 8

Atrial Fibrillation

Question 9

Persistent resting adult HR greater than 100 beats/minute;
Causes: stress, anxiety, drugs etc.

Answer 9

Tachycardia

Question 10

Persistent adult HR below 60 beats/min;
Causes: sleep, endurance training, hypothermia, pathology

Answer 10

Bradycardia

Question 11

Chronic low BP below 90/60 mmHg;
Dehydration, blood loss or anemia

Answer 11

Hypotension

Question 12

Resting systolic pressure is 120 to 139 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure is 80 to 89 mmHg

Answer 12

Prehypertension

Question 13

Blood pressure is greater than 140/90 mmHg;
Usually symptoms are absent unless pressure is dangerously high;
Silent killer;
Cause organ damage: kidney and heart disease

Mgt: lifestyle and diet modification, medications

Answer 13

Hypertension

Question 14

Heart cannot pump enough blood to meet body’s needs;
Factors: heart damage (heart attack), extreme arrhythmias, dysfunctional valves, or rupture in the heart’s ventricular septum

Answer 14

Cardiogenic shock

Question 15

Severe fluid and blood loss;
Results in not having enough blood to meet the body’s needs;
Internal bleeding or bleeding from cuts or injuries;
Fluid loss through extreme perspiration, diarrhea, burns and vomiting

Answer 15

Hypovolemic shock

Question 16

By any microorganisms that causes infection;
Either are very young or elderly that have a compromised immune system;
Causes very low blood pressure, lead to organ dysfunction and shock.

Answer 16

Septic shock

Question 17

Condition of the nervous system;
Stimulus to the sympathetic nervous system is lost;
Inability to keep the appropriate amount of muscle tone in the tunica media of the blood vessels.
Results: pooling of blood

Answer 17

Neurogenic shock

Question 18

Valve leaflet that “billows” or bends in a way that prevents it from closing properly.

Answer 18

Prolapsed Valve

Question 19

Most common type of prolapsed valve;
Can affect any valve;
Severe regurgitation - ventricular enlargement, arrhythmias, endocarditis, or stroke may occur

Answer 19

Mitral valve prolapse

Question 20

Buildup of fatty deposits within the arterial walls, causes the walls to roughen and project to the lumen within the vessel;
Results of hypertension or viral infection;
Fatty deposits (plaque) becomes calcified

Answer 20

Atherosclerosis

Question 21

Atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis obstructs the coronary arteries;
Can cause myocardial infarction;

Mgt: Medications, surgery, lifestyle and diet modifications

Answer 21

Coronary Artery Disease

Question 22

Atherosclerosis may cause CAD -> blacked blood flow in a coronary artery (lack of blood flow - ischemia) -> Heart attack;
Death of myocardial tissue

Men: pain the chest (radiate to neck and jaw down to left arm), shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, feeling of impending doom.

Women: headedness, sleep disturbances, indigestion, anxiety, and unusual faitgue

Answer 22

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Question 23

Heaviness or pain in the chest caused by a temporary or reversible myocardial ischemia;
Hypoxemia from reduced blood flow causes the heart to use anaerobic respiration;
Buildup of lactic acid produces the associated pain

Answer 23

Angina pectoris

Question 24

Inflammation of a vein, caused by thrombosis;
Causes: surgery, immobility, pathological conditions that cause blood to clot abnormally.
Deep venous thrombosis and superficial thrombophelitis;

Mgt: Analgesics, treating infection, controlling inflammation (NSAIDs), anticoagulants, thrombolytic drugs, surgical removal of veins

Answer 24

Thrombophlebitis

Question 25

Valves in the veins that should be preventing the back flow of the blood, has not been working properly;
Allow the blood to pool causing the vein to enlarge;
Secondary to some condition: thrombophlebitis or pregnancy;
Found in the legs;
No significant health problems;

Mgt: raising legs while sitting and sleeping, avoid standing for long periods, wearing compression stockings; severe (surgically removed)

Answer 25

Varicose Veins

Question 26

One of the ventricles is not working as efficiently as the other;
Right ventricle’s output exceeds the left ventricular output, more blood is going to the lungs than can return to the left side of the of the heart.;

Blood pressure builds in the lungs -> more fluid into the pulmonary tissue (pulmonary edema) -> interferes with lungs gas exchange.

Systemic edema: left ventricle output exceeds the right ventricle. Pressure builds out in systemic circuit.

Swelling of the hands, fingers, and feet;
Leads to enlargement of the liver and kidney damage

Answer 26

Congestive heart failure

Question 27

Ductus arteriosus does not close after birth;
Aorta remains open to the pulmonary artery, deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood mix;
Cause the heart ot be overworked and increase the pressure in the arteries in the lungs;

Common symptom: heart murmur
Difficulty breathing and feeding and poor growth

Mgt: medication or surgical procedures to close the ductus arteriosus

Answer 27

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Question 28

Hole in the septum that seperates the right and left atria;
Allows oxygenated blood from the left atrium to mix with deoxygenated blood from the right atrium

Answer 28

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

Question 29

Hole in the septum that seperates the right and left ventricles;
Oxygenated blood in the left ventricles mixes with the deoxygenated blood of the right ventricles

Answer 29

Ventricular septal defect

Question 30

Narrowing of the valves

Answer 30

Stenosis

Question 31

A valve that lacks a hole for blood to travel through

Answer 31

Atresia

Question 32

A valve that does not close tightly enough and allows blood to flow back through

Answer 32

Regurgitation

Question 33

Combination of four heart defects
- pulmonary valve stenosis
-VSD
- overriding airta
- right ventricular hypertrophy (enlargement of the ventricle)

Answer 33

Tetralogy of Fallot