CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Question 1

fat digestion in mouth

Question 2

fat digestion in stomach

Question 3

fat digestion in small intestine

Question 4

fat digestion in large intestine

Question 5

emulsification by bile salt

Question 6

hydrolysis of fat

Question 7

what is Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

Answer 7

A group of diseases involving heart or blood vessels.

Question 8

examples of CVD

Answer 8

1. coronary artery disease (CAD; also known as coronary heart disease or CHD)
2. stroke
3. peripheral artery disease
   4.

Question 9

what are Angina and myocardial infarction?

Answer 9

Angina心绞痛 and myocardial infarction (heart attack)心肌
梗塞（心脏病发作) are the result of CAD or CHD.

Question 10

CAD/CHD is the most common and it is most often caused by atherosclerosis. yes or no?

Answer 10

yes

Question 11

Athero~sclerosis vs. arterio~sclerosis:
动脉粥样硬化与动脉硬化

Answer 11

Atherosclerosis vs. arteriosclerosis: These
terms are often used interchangeably.
However, they do have slightly different
meanings.

Question 12

what is Arteriosclerosis:

Answer 12

thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the artery walls. Sclerosis literally means hardening and arterio means artery.
动脉硬化：动脉壁增厚、硬化和失去弹性。 Sclerosis 的字面意思是硬化，arterio 的意思是动脉。

Question 13

what is Atherosclerosis:

Answer 13

Caused by the buildup of cholesterol, fatty plaques, and other compounds on the artery walls, as well as IN the artery walls, resulting in the hardening of an atheroma(a fatty substance that builds up in your arteries over time.).

Question 14

what is atheroma

Answer 14

a fatty substance that builds up in your arteries over time.

Question 15

what are foam cells

Answer 15

Foam Cells: A type of macrophage that ingests LDLs taking on a ‘foamy’ appearance.

Question 16

what is Thrombosis:

Answer 16

Thrombosis: when blood clots block veins or arteries. Depending on where the blockage occurs, it can cause significant damage.
血栓形成：当血凝块阻塞静脉或动脉时。 根据堵塞发生的位置，可能会造成严重损坏。

Question 17

what is Embolism:

Answer 17

Embolism: the lodging of a embolus (blockage-causing material) inside a blood vessel. The material can be blood clot (thrombosis), fat, gas and other foreign material.
栓塞：栓子（引起堵塞的物质）滞留在血管内。 该物质可以是血凝块（血栓）、脂肪、气体和其他异物。

Question 18

process of CVD development

Answer 18

• Initial damage (possibly including hypertension?)初始损害（可能包括高血压？）
• Fatty streaks-fill with cholesterol (usually oxidized LDL)- 脂肪纹——充满胆固醇（通常是氧化的低密度脂蛋白）
• Causes inflammatory response-smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells release inflammatory cytokines- 引起炎症反应——平滑肌细胞和内皮细胞释放炎症细胞因子
• Mobilize monocytes to the site, differentiate to macrophages, consume LDL and become foam cells- 将单核细胞动员至该部位，分化为巨噬细胞，消耗低密度脂蛋白并成为泡沫细胞
• B cells and T cells called to site by macrophages and cytokines- B 细胞和 T 细胞被巨噬细胞和细胞因子召唤到位点
• Calcium is added, then fibrous tissue connective cap, plaque hardens, artery narrows- 添加钙，然后纤维组织结缔帽、斑块变硬、动脉变窄
• Fibrous cap can rupture (hypertension increases risk)- 纤维帽可能破裂（高血压会增加风险）
• Platelets called to the site because they perceive area as damaged, forms blood clot (thrombus), can break free (embolism)- 血小板被召唤到现场，因为它们 感知区域受损，形成血凝块（血栓），可以挣脱（栓塞）
• Most vulnerable plaque-thin cap, large lipid core, larger number of macrophages- 最脆弱的斑块——薄帽、大脂质核心、大量巨噬细胞

Question 19

what is atherogenic diet?

Answer 19

include fruit and vegetables, aiming for saturated fat <7%, trans fat as low as possible and cholesterol<300mg

Question 20

what is DASH diet?

Answer 20

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, low sodium and red meat, high in fruit and vegetables

Question 21

how would fruits, vegetables, olive oil, and nuts help with CVD?

Answer 21

reduce the risk of CVD, reduce the inflammatory mediators in blood

Question 22

determain Metabolic syndrome

Answer 22

1. Abdominal obesity:*Waist Circumference: > 102 cm (men) > 88 cm (women)
   2.Triglycerides: ≥ 1.7 mmol/L or receiving medication
   3.HDL:< 1.0 mmol/L (men) < 1.3 mmol/L (women)
   4.Blood pressure: ≥ 130/85 mmHg
   5.Fasting glucose: ≥ 5.6 mmol/L or using medication

Question 23

FRAMINGHAM RISK SCORE

Question 24

how would OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS help?

Answer 24

Lipid and lipoprotein profile
Oxidation
Thrombosis
Endothelial function
Blood Pressure
Plaque stability
Platelet aggregation
Levels of inflammatory markers
Levels and function of immune cells

Question 25

ALA,DHA,EPA

Question 26

fibre with CVD

Answer 26

Fibre: Possibly decreases absorption of glucose and cholesterol, reduces inflammation by a mechanisms possibly related to the metabolism by gut microbiota.纤维：可能减少葡萄糖和胆固醇的吸收，通过可能与肠道微生物群代谢相关的机制减少炎症。

Question 27

micronutrients with CVD

Answer 27

Zn, Se, Vit C, Vit E deficiency associated with increased risk of CVD锌、硒、维生素 C、维生素 E 缺乏与 CVD 风险增加相关
Various vitamins and minerals associated with a reduction in inflammatory mediators. 锌、硒、维生素 C、维生素 E 缺乏与 CVD 风险增加相关
General effects: Reduce endothelial cell damage; inhibit oxidation of LDL-cholesterol 一般功效：减少内皮细胞损伤； 抑制低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的氧化

Question 28

phytosterols植物固醇 and CVD

Answer 28

1.Reduce levels of LDL-cholesterol
2.Possible effects on levels of inflammatory markers
3.Prevent the production of TMA by bacteria

Question 29

POLYPHENOLS (ALL PLANT FOODS) and CVD

Answer 29

1.Delay atherosclerosis by regulating cellular signaling pathways
2.Reduce levels of adhesion molecules黏附分子 and inflammatory molecules
3.Prevent leukocyte白细胞 migration to the plaque and infiltration
4.Improve endothelial function and lipid metabolism