CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Flashcards
fat digestion in mouth
fat digestion in stomach
fat digestion in small intestine
fat digestion in large intestine
emulsification by bile salt
hydrolysis of fat
what is Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
A group of diseases involving heart or blood vessels.
examples of CVD
- coronary artery disease (CAD; also known as coronary heart disease or CHD)
- stroke
- peripheral artery disease
4.
what are Angina and myocardial infarction?
Angina心绞痛 and myocardial infarction (heart attack)心肌
梗塞（心脏病发作) are the result of CAD or CHD.
CAD/CHD is the most common and it is most often caused by atherosclerosis. yes or no?
yes
Athero~sclerosis vs. arterio~sclerosis:
动脉粥样硬化与动脉硬化
Atherosclerosis vs. arteriosclerosis: These
terms are often used interchangeably.
However, they do have slightly different
meanings.
what is Arteriosclerosis:
thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the artery walls. Sclerosis literally means hardening and arterio means artery.
动脉硬化：动脉壁增厚、硬化和失去弹性。 Sclerosis 的字面意思是硬化，arterio 的意思是动脉。
what is Atherosclerosis:
Caused by the buildup of cholesterol, fatty plaques, and other compounds on the artery walls, as well as IN the artery walls, resulting in the hardening of an atheroma(a fatty substance that builds up in your arteries over time.).
what is atheroma
a fatty substance that builds up in your arteries over time.
what are foam cells
Foam Cells: A type of macrophage that ingests LDLs taking on a ‘foamy’ appearance.
what is Thrombosis:
Thrombosis: when blood clots block veins or arteries. Depending on where the blockage occurs, it can cause significant damage.
血栓形成：当血凝块阻塞静脉或动脉时。 根据堵塞发生的位置，可能会造成严重损坏。
what is Embolism:
Embolism: the lodging of a embolus (blockage-causing material) inside a blood vessel. The material can be blood clot (thrombosis), fat, gas and other foreign material.
栓塞：栓子（引起堵塞的物质）滞留在血管内。 该物质可以是血凝块（血栓）、脂肪、气体和其他异物。
process of CVD development
- Initial damage (possibly including hypertension?)初始损害（可能包括高血压？）
- Fatty streaks-fill with cholesterol (usually oxidized LDL)- 脂肪纹——充满胆固醇（通常是氧化的低密度脂蛋白）
- Causes inflammatory response-smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells release inflammatory cytokines- 引起炎症反应——平滑肌细胞和内皮细胞释放炎症细胞因子
- Mobilize monocytes to the site, differentiate to macrophages, consume LDL and become foam cells- 将单核细胞动员至该部位，分化为巨噬细胞，消耗低密度脂蛋白并成为泡沫细胞
- B cells and T cells called to site by macrophages and cytokines- B 细胞和 T 细胞被巨噬细胞和细胞因子召唤到位点
- Calcium is added, then fibrous tissue connective cap, plaque hardens, artery narrows- 添加钙，然后纤维组织结缔帽、斑块变硬、动脉变窄
- Fibrous cap can rupture (hypertension increases risk)- 纤维帽可能破裂（高血压会增加风险）
- Platelets called to the site because they perceive area as damaged, forms blood clot (thrombus), can break free (embolism)- 血小板被召唤到现场，因为它们 感知区域受损，形成血凝块（血栓），可以挣脱（栓塞）
- Most vulnerable plaque-thin cap, large lipid core, larger number of macrophages- 最脆弱的斑块——薄帽、大脂质核心、大量巨噬细胞
what is atherogenic diet?
include fruit and vegetables, aiming for saturated fat <7%, trans fat as low as possible and cholesterol<300mg
what is DASH diet?
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, low sodium and red meat, high in fruit and vegetables
how would fruits, vegetables, olive oil, and nuts help with CVD?
reduce the risk of CVD, reduce the inflammatory mediators in blood
determain Metabolic syndrome
- Abdominal obesity:*Waist Circumference: > 102 cm (men) > 88 cm (women)
2.Triglycerides: ≥ 1.7 mmol/L or receiving medication
3.HDL:< 1.0 mmol/L (men) < 1.3 mmol/L (women)
4.Blood pressure: ≥ 130/85 mmHg
5.Fasting glucose: ≥ 5.6 mmol/L or using medication
FRAMINGHAM RISK SCORE
how would OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS help?
Lipid and lipoprotein profile
Oxidation
Thrombosis
Endothelial function
Blood Pressure
Plaque stability
Platelet aggregation
Levels of inflammatory markers
Levels and function of immune cells
ALA,DHA,EPA
fibre with CVD
Fibre: Possibly decreases absorption of glucose and cholesterol, reduces inflammation by a mechanisms possibly related to the metabolism by gut microbiota.纤维：可能减少葡萄糖和胆固醇的吸收，通过可能与肠道微生物群代谢相关的机制减少炎症。
micronutrients with CVD
Zn, Se, Vit C, Vit E deficiency associated with increased risk of CVD锌、硒、维生素 C、维生素 E 缺乏与 CVD 风险增加相关
Various vitamins and minerals associated with a reduction in inflammatory mediators. 锌、硒、维生素 C、维生素 E 缺乏与 CVD 风险增加相关
General effects: Reduce endothelial cell damage; inhibit oxidation of LDL-cholesterol 一般功效：减少内皮细胞损伤； 抑制低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的氧化
phytosterols植物固醇 and CVD
1.Reduce levels of LDL-cholesterol
2.Possible effects on levels of inflammatory markers
3.Prevent the production of TMA by bacteria
POLYPHENOLS (ALL PLANT FOODS) and CVD
1.Delay atherosclerosis by regulating cellular signaling pathways
2.Reduce levels of adhesion molecules黏附分子 and inflammatory molecules
3.Prevent leukocyte白细胞 migration to the plaque and infiltration
4.Improve endothelial function and lipid metabolism
