cardiovascular disease

Question 1

what are the diseases affecting vasculature

Answer 1

Hypertension, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, stroke

Question 2

what are the diseases affecting the heart

Answer 2

angina, myocardial ischemia, heart failure

Question 3

what is systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Answer 3

systolic: bp when ventricles are contracting (higher value)
diastolic: bp when ventricles filling (lower value)

Question 4

describe the structure of blood vessels

Answer 4

from lumen to outside:
endothelium (detects blood flow and releases agents onto smooth muscle to effect flow and pressure) (damage here can lead to atherosclerosis

smooth muscle

connective tissue and adipose

Question 5

what is isolated systolic hypertension

Answer 5

condition associated with aging
leading to aorta becoming stiffer and having less recoil. in this case systolic bp is increased but diastolic bp is normal

Question 6

describe the theory of development of hypertension

Answer 6

an increase in BP due to fluid overload increased RAAS and vasoconstriction and endothelial dysfunction

this increase in the long term leads to adaptation. blood vessels are remodelled and arteries remodelled to have more SM to protects capillaries

establishment: muscles grow towards the lumen. less space in lumen. chronic increased resistance and reactivity of arteries leading to

Question 7

what are consequences of hypertension

Answer 7

left ventricular hypertrophy
increased risk of heart attack and stroke
development of renal impairment and chronic heart failure

Question 8

differentiate between secondary hypertension and essential hypertension

Answer 8

essential: thought to be due to interaction of range of causes
obesity (angiotensinogen produced from adipocytes)
insulin resistance
genetics (different activity of RAAS)
enviornment (diet excercise pollution)
fetal programming (birth weight uterus conditions)
age/ethnicity

secondary: reason is known
renal disease (fluid retention)
renovascular disease
conns syndrome (more aldosterone)
cushing syndrome (more cortisol)
hyperthyroidism
pregnancy
drugs like NSAID and steroids

Question 9

Digoxin mechanism and uses

Answer 9

Used for atrial fibrillation and heart failure.

Increases contraction, decreases HR.

Na+/K+ ATPase blocker. Leads to increased IC Na+ and thus increases IC Ca2+ by stimulating Na+/Ca2+ antiporter.