Cardiovascular disease Flashcards
Cardiovascular disease is an umbrella term covering all disease which affect the heart and circulation. Which diseases are included? (7 marks)
congenital heart disease,
inherited heart disease,
coronary heart disease,
peripheral artery disease,
arrhythmias,
heart failure,
stroke
In 2021, CVD caused _______ deaths in the UK
168,000
Risk factors can be pathological for heart disease. These are _______ and ______.
diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia
At the age of 40, your _________ blood pressure rises significantly.
systolic
blood pressure = cardiac output x _______________
total peripheral resistance
Ageing causes the elastic lamellae of the tunica _ _______ to become thin, which weakens the arteries and causes them to _______. As the wall stretches, the wall stress is transferred onto the collagen fibres, and with age more collagens laid down. Collagen is much stiffer than elastin so vessel becomes stiff ._________ salts become deposited along __________ hyperplasia. This process is called ____________.
media, dilate, calcium, intimal, arteriosclerosis
The layer primarily affected in arteriosclerosis is the tunica media whereas in atherosclerosis it is the tunica ________
intima
The key biochemical change in arteriosclerosis is elastin fragmentation and loss, which causes lumen d_ _ _ _ _ _ _ . This doesn’t change blood flow, but can cause increases s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ pressure and ventricular o_ _ _ _ _ consumption.
dilation, systolic, oxygen
Cholesterol and plaque formation in atherosclerosis causes lumen s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ . This impairs blood flow and leads to tissue _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
stenosis, ischaemia
Chronic hypertension caused damage to the en_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ lining of arteries. This injury can trigger development of plaques and blood _ _ _ _.
endothelial, clots
An atherosclerotic plaque is a raised, fibrous lump inside arterial walls. It contains _ _ _ _ _ _ muscle, li_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, cholesterol and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cells.. This causes the lumen to narrow and if it ruptures, causes clots.
smooth, lipoproteins, inflammatory
The fibrous cap is much _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in the stable atherosclerotic plaque than in the unstable atherosclerotic plaque, so less likely to have a heart attack
thicker
Total cholesterol recommendations are <5.0mmol/L and LDL cholesterol should be less than 3mmol/l but in the UK blood cholesterol average is . mmol/l
5.5
As blood levels of LDLs increase, so does the risk of atherosclerosis. They can ox_ _ _ _ _, and trigger inflammation and atherosclerosis.
oxidise
Thrombosis is the development of clots. Clots can thicken, become dislodged and move into circulation, to form an _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
embolus
We don’t like thrombin because it converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which is in_ _ _ _ _ _ _. This protein will join with the meshwork of platelets to trap blood cells and make a clot
insoluble
Platelets are an_ _ _ _ _ _ _ particles, released following the fragmentation of bone marrow mega_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
anucleate, megakaryocytes
How long is the lifespan of a platelet once in circulation?
7 days
What exactly do platelets adhere to in the vascular wall?
exposed matrix proteins
Collagen, vWF and thrombin cause platelet _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
activation
Platelet activation causes _ _ _ synthesis alongside TxA2 and _ _ _ release
COX, ADP
TxA2 is a vasoconstrictor that binds at the throm_ _ _ _ _ _ receptor _ _ _ _
thromboxane, GPCR
The role of ADP is to activate platelets and P2Y and _ _ _ receptors.
P2X
Name the 3 ways in which atherosclerosis with thrombus may develop
- Thrombus obstructs artery
- Vasospasm due to partial occlusion
- Embolus blocks small branch of coronary artery