Cardiovascular disease

Question 1

Cardiovascular disease is an umbrella term covering all disease which affect the heart and circulation. Which diseases are included? (7 marks)

Answer 1

congenital heart disease,
inherited heart disease,
coronary heart disease,
peripheral artery disease,
arrhythmias,
heart failure,
stroke

Question 2

In 2021, CVD caused _______ deaths in the UK

Answer 2

168,000

Question 3

Risk factors can be pathological for heart disease. These are _______ and ______.

Answer 3

diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia

Question 4

At the age of 40, your _________ blood pressure rises significantly.

Answer 4

systolic

Question 5

blood pressure = cardiac output x _______________

Answer 5

total peripheral resistance

Question 6

Ageing causes the elastic lamellae of the tunica _ _______ to become thin, which weakens the arteries and causes them to _______. As the wall stretches, the wall stress is transferred onto the collagen fibres, and with age more collagens laid down. Collagen is much stiffer than elastin so vessel becomes stiff ._________ salts become deposited along __________ hyperplasia. This process is called ____________.

Answer 6

media, dilate, calcium, intimal, arteriosclerosis

Question 7

The layer primarily affected in arteriosclerosis is the tunica media whereas in atherosclerosis it is the tunica ________

Answer 7

intima

Question 8

The key biochemical change in arteriosclerosis is elastin fragmentation and loss, which causes lumen d_ _ _ _ _ _ _ . This doesn’t change blood flow, but can cause increases s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ pressure and ventricular o_ _ _ _ _ consumption.

Answer 8

dilation, systolic, oxygen

Question 9

Cholesterol and plaque formation in atherosclerosis causes lumen s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ . This impairs blood flow and leads to tissue _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Answer 9

stenosis, ischaemia

Question 10

Chronic hypertension caused damage to the en_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ lining of arteries. This injury can trigger development of plaques and blood _ _ _ _.

Answer 10

endothelial, clots

Question 11

An atherosclerotic plaque is a raised, fibrous lump inside arterial walls. It contains _ _ _ _ _ _ muscle, li_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, cholesterol and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cells.. This causes the lumen to narrow and if it ruptures, causes clots.

Answer 11

smooth, lipoproteins, inflammatory

Question 12

The fibrous cap is much _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in the stable atherosclerotic plaque than in the unstable atherosclerotic plaque, so less likely to have a heart attack

Answer 12

thicker

Question 13

Total cholesterol recommendations are <5.0mmol/L and LDL cholesterol should be less than 3mmol/l but in the UK blood cholesterol average is . mmol/l

Answer 13

5.5

Question 14

As blood levels of LDLs increase, so does the risk of atherosclerosis. They can ox_ _ _ _ _, and trigger inflammation and atherosclerosis.

Answer 14

oxidise

Question 15

Thrombosis is the development of clots. Clots can thicken, become dislodged and move into circulation, to form an _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Answer 15

embolus

Question 16

We don’t like thrombin because it converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which is in_ _ _ _ _ _ _. This protein will join with the meshwork of platelets to trap blood cells and make a clot

Answer 16

insoluble

Question 17

Platelets are an_ _ _ _ _ _ _ particles, released following the fragmentation of bone marrow mega_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Answer 17

anucleate, megakaryocytes

Question 18

How long is the lifespan of a platelet once in circulation?

Answer 18

7 days

Question 19

What exactly do platelets adhere to in the vascular wall?

Answer 19

exposed matrix proteins

Question 20

Collagen, vWF and thrombin cause platelet _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 20

activation

Question 21

Platelet activation causes _ _ _ synthesis alongside TxA2 and _ _ _ release

Answer 21

COX, ADP

Question 22

TxA2 is a vasoconstrictor that binds at the throm_ _ _ _ _ _ receptor _ _ _ _

Answer 22

thromboxane, GPCR

Question 23

The role of ADP is to activate platelets and P2Y and _ _ _ receptors.

Answer 23

P2X

Question 24

Name the 3 ways in which atherosclerosis with thrombus may develop

Answer 24

1. Thrombus obstructs artery
2. Vasospasm due to partial occlusion
3. Embolus blocks small branch of coronary artery

Question 25

For ATP to be reduced to 50% of normal, it takes _ _ minutes

Answer 25

10

Question 26

Ischaemia causes cardiomyocytes to lose contractility within _ minutes

Answer 26

5

Question 27

Electrocardiogram can show infection in 3 ways, these are?….

Answer 27

1. elevation of ST segment
2. inversion of T wave
3. increased amplitude of Q wave

Question 28

Systolic = low ejection fraction and low _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ pressure. Inadequate contractility

Answer 28

arterial

Question 29

Systolic heart failure causes scar tissue formation. Scar tissue does not contract. Not all of the volume received from the lungs is ejected, leaving a larger than normal residual volume (SV is reduced). The blood left behind dis_ _ _ _ _ the ventricle.

Answer 29

distends

Question 30

The m_ _ _ _ _ and t_ _ _ _ _ _ _ valves are open during diastole

Answer 30

mitral, tricuspid

Question 31

Valvular stenosis is when valves become too _ _ _ _ _ _

Answer 31

narrow

Question 32

Valvular regurgitation is when valves are too _ _ _ _ _

Answer 32

leaky