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Clin Assess CV > Cardiovascular Diagnostics > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Diagnostics Flashcards

1
Q

Worn externally, monitors a continuous EKG for 24 to 48 hours and allows patients to “mark” events of symptoms.

A

Holter monitor

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2
Q

Who is a holter monitor useful for?

A

A patient who is having frequent episodes of symptoms that could be cardiac related

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3
Q

Who is an event/loop monitor useful for?

A

A patient who is having sporadic episodes of symptoms that could be cardiac related; monitors continuous EKG for WEEKS!

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4
Q

On a chest X-ray, how much of the heart should be on each side of the thoracic cavity?

A

2/3 on the left, 1/3 on the right. Should not take up more than 1/2 of thoracic cavity

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5
Q

What is the normal cardiothoracic ratio?

A

0.5:1

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6
Q

What will you see on CXR in a patient with pulmonary edema or CHF?

A 
Interstitial edema
Kerley B lines
Perihilar infiltrates
Peribronchial cuffing
Cephalization of vessels
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7
Q

Short, parallel lines at lung periphery that are distended into interlobular septa

A

Kerley B lines

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8
Q

Redistribution of blood to upper lobe vessels

A

Cephalization of vessels

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9
Q

With full inspiration, what is visible? How many ribs should you be able to see?

A

Right heart border is visible

8-10 ribs

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10
Q

What are some x-ray limitations?

A

Heart may appear falsely enlarged or small (COPD) with X-ray

The image may be obscured from effusions or pneumonia

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11
Q

The AP view shows _____ of the heart and _____ of the mediastinum

A

Magnification

Widening

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12
Q

Who should the AP view be reserved for?

A

Patients who cannot stand

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13
Q

What are some things that echocardiography can detect?

A
  • Defects between chambers

- Pericardial effusions

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14
Q

What are the benefits of echocardiography?

A
  • Minimally invasive
  • Can view in real time
  • Can evaluate chamber size, wall motion, and valve abnormalities
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15
Q

When is a stress echo useful?

A

To look for functional abnormalities under the stress of exercise

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16
Q

Standardized stress testing is designed to take patients to ___% or higher of their predicted max HR

A

85

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17
Q

Women have ___X more false positive on standardized stress testing than men

A

5

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18
Q

What does standard stress testing reveal?

A
  • Exercise induced ischemia = coronary artery disease
  • Stress induced arrhythmias
  • BP response to exercise
  • Patient’s functional capacity
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19
Q

What are the three orientations of perfusion imaging?

A

Short axis
Vertical long axis
Horizontal long axis

20
Q

What type of nuclear stress testing is most common?

A

Technetium (myoview)

21
Q

The technetium is attracted to the functional _____ of the heart and accumulates in viable heart muscle

A

Mitochondria

22
Q

What is nuclear imaging useful for with resting heart tissue?

A

Shows which tissue is viable vs non-viable

23
Q

What is nuclear imaging useful for with exercised heart tissue?

A

Ischemic vs non ischemic

24
Q

When you compare rest and stress images with nuclear perfusion, a filling defect after rest indicates ____ and filling defect after exercise indicates _____

A

After rest = old MI

After exercise = Ischemia

25
Q

What does a MUGA (multi-gated acquisition) scan evaluate?

A

Ventricular function, wall motion, and ejection fraction (volume)

26
Q

What chemical does MUGA use and how does it work?

A

Technetium labeled RBCs imaged with Gamma camera

27
Q

What chemical is used in a chemical stress test? What does it do?

A

Dobutamine/Persantine puts stress on the heart

28
Q

During a chemical stress test, areas that lack perfusion reveal?

A

A filling defect

29
Q

Yields anatomic and functional pictures of the heart, can see chamber wall thickness and motion

A

Cardiac MRI

30
Q

Images during phases of cardiac cycle, will provide an image of the heart and cardiac vessels with excellent resolution very quickly

A

Cardiac CT

31
Q

What is indicative of CAD?

A

Coronary artery calcification score

32
Q

What ist he most invasive type of cardiac imaging?

A

Coronary angiography

33
Q

What is the “gold standard” to diagnosing coronary heart disease?

A

Coronary angiography

34
Q

Where is the catheter inserted in coronary angiography?

A

Femoral artery

35
Q

What is a disadvantage to coronary angiography?

A

Risk of bleeding, perforation, and contrast reaction

36
Q

What is an advantage of coronary angiography?

A

Can fix what is broken while doing the cardiac cath; can perform angioplasty and stent placement

37
Q

What is a normal ABI?

A

1.0-1.4

38
Q

What is an “acceptable” ABI?

A

0.9-1

39
Q

What ABI shows some arterial disease?

A

0.8-0.9 - treat risk factors

40
Q

What ABI shows moderate arterial disease?

A

0.5-0.8 - refer

41
Q

What ABI shows severe arterial disease?

A

Less than 0.5 - refer

42
Q

What is a non-invasive, inexpensive imaging technique often used in the evaluation of carotids, aorta, and deep veins of lower extremities?

A

Ultrasound

43
Q

What is the best assessment of an AAA?

A

CT

44
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnostic imaging of an aortic dissection?

A

MRA (MRI angiography)

45
Q

What is the diagnostic gold standard for an AAA?

A

Angiography

46
Q

What does digital subtraction angiography do to help the reader see the image?

A

Digitally reduces background noise of other images

47
Q

Catheter inserted into chosen vessel and contrast injected

A

Vascular angiography

Clin Assess CV (3 decks)

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