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EPHE 441 - Midterm (A) > Cardiovascular Controls > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Controls Flashcards

1
Q

At rest CV system is responsible for

A

Delivery of: O2, Hormones, Nutrients
Removal of: CO2, lactic acid, other metabolic waste products
Aids in temperature regulation

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2
Q

Increased O2 delivery during exercise is accomplished by:

A

Oxygen demand by muscles during exercise is 15-25X greater than at rest

Accomplished by:

  1. Redistributing blood flow: from inactive organs to working skeletal muscle
  2. Increased cardiac output
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3
Q

Cardiac Output increases due to (2):

A

Increase HR (Max HR 220-age) - Linear Increase

Increased SV with increasing intensity - Increase then plateau at 40% VO2 max
Higher plateau in highly trained subjects

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4
Q

Factors that influence heart rate

A

Sympathetic: EPI and NOREPI
Parasympathetic: Acetylcholine

Both effect S.A. node rhythmicity

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5
Q

Factors that influence stroke volume

A

Increase in epi and norepi increase contractility and frank starling effect
Both increase force of contraction

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6
Q

Frank Starling Effect

A

Due to length tension relationship
creates more actin myosin cross bridges
increases end diastolic volume
= increase in stroke volume

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7
Q

Contractility Effect

A

EPI and NOREPI increases calcium into muscle tissue

Increases the force generation by contractile proteins through CA++

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8
Q

End systolic volume

A 
Increasing contractility (increase in Ca++) 
Epinephrine
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9
Q

End diastolic volume (EDV)

A

fuller ventricle= greater stroke volume

Frank Starling Mechanism

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10
Q

Increase SV by

A

Increase EDV or decreasing ESV

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11
Q

SV and Endurance Training

A

EDV is increased and ESV is decreased at rest and during exercise (which is what is responsible for lower HR)

Caused by (3):
Increase in plasma volume
Increase in force of contraction
Increased contractility

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12
Q

Resistance Training and EDV

A

Changes very little

Resting HR doesnt change

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13
Q

Endurance + Strength Training

A

Increase ventricular wall thickness

This increase in mass helps maintain SV and Q during weight training activity

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14
Q

VO2 max=

A

max q (x) max a-VO2 difference

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15
Q

aVO2 difference

A

Measures difference between oxygenated blood and dexoygenated blood at the capillary (mL O2 per 100 mL of blood)

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16
Q

O2 extraction depends upon

A

O2 content of blood and uptake rate (removal from blood by tissues)

17
Q

O2 removal rate depends upon (6 factors)

A
  1. Capillary Density
  2. Myoglobin Content
  3. Mitochondria Number (Volume)
  4. Oxidative Capacity of Mitochondria
  5. Muscle Fiber Type
  6. PO2 gradient from capillaries to tissue
18
Q

Effects of training on Mitochondria

A

Untrained: High ADP needed to stim mitochondria

Trained: More mito to share ATP production means stim at lower ADP provides grater O2 uptake

19
Q

Regulation of Local Blood Flow During Exercise

A

Vasoconstriction at visceral organs and inactive tissues (SNS vasoconstriction)

Vasodilation at active skeletal muscles (autoregulation)

20
Q

Vasodilation effected by (7)

A
  • Increasedtemp
  • ElevatedCO2
  • LoweredpH
  • Adenosine
  • NitricOxide
  • Ions eg. Mg2 and K+ • Acetylcholine (AUTOREGULATION)
21
Q

Vasoconstriction effected by (2)

A

• Norepinephrine • Epinephrine

22
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

Can be relaxed to increase local blood flow.

23
Q

Capillary Recruitment

A

1 of every 30 or 40 capillaries is open in muscle at rest

24
Q

Function of Capillaries perfusing during exercise

A

Increases blood flow to muscle
Reduces speed of blood flow
Increases surface area for gas exchange at working tissues.

25
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

Important vasodilator
Produced in the endothelium of arterioles
Promotes smooth muscle relaxation (Which results in vasodilation) and increased blood flow

26
Q

Recipe for success: Ensuring adequate blood flow to muscles (4)

A
  1. Provide adequate cardiac output
  2. Distribute aterial blood to muscles demanding oxygen
  3. Divert some of blood flow away from less active areas
  4. Maintain blood pressure
27
Q

MAP =

A

Cardiac output x Total Peripheral Resistance

28
Q

Flow =

A

Change in pressure/ resistance

29
Q

Maintaining blood pressure

A

p= flow x resistance

flow increases, resistance drops

30
Q

What affects MAP during exercise

A

Increase in Q

Offset by elasticity (Capitance) of blood vessels

31
Q

Capitance

A

Elasticity of blood vessels
Increases with aerobic training
Resistance training effects unclear

32
Q

Effects of training on MAP

A

Both endurance and resistance training can decrease MAP

  • 3-7mmHG w/endurance
  • 3-4mmHG w/resistance

EPHE 441 - Midterm (A) (6 decks)

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