Cardiovascular - Congenital 315 Flashcards
Types of Congenital conditions
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Aortic Stenosis Pulmonary Stenosis Persistent Right Aortic Arch Ventricular Septal Defects Mitral + Tricuspid Dysplasia Tetralogy of Fallot
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Foetal vessel that connects the aorta to the pulmonary artery. This allows blood flow to bypass the lungs.
In the faetus the blood flow from right to left via the ductus. At the time of birth the ductus should close and become the ligamentum arteriosus. This does not happen in the PDA. This results in blood continuing to flow from right to left as a result of the higher pressure level exerted by the left ventricle. This increases the burden on the left ventricle.
Clinical signs of PDA
Dependent on the severity.
Poor tissue infusion which result in weakness, exercise intolerance, stunted growth, coughing, dyspnea and sudden death.
Diagnosis of PDA
Audible heart murmur continuous through cardiac cycle.
Radiograph]Ultrasound - blood flow
Predisposed breeds of PDA
GSD, Irish setters and cross breeds
Surgical treatment of PDA
Surgical ligation of the vessel
Stenosis =
Narrowing of the body passage
Aortic stenosis is..
Narrowing of the semilunar valve on the exit of the left ventricle
Aortic stenosis causes
Increased pressure within the left side of the heart which leads to hyperplasia (excessive tissue growth) of the left ventricular wall. Can lead to left sided heart failure
Clinical signs of Aortic stenosis
Syncope (temp loss of consciousness) due to decreased oxygenation of the brain. Exercise intolerance Sudden death Pulmonary oedema Coughing Failure to thrive Weight loss
Diagnosis + treatment of Aortic stenosis
Radiographh, ultrasound and ECG
Surgical treatment
Pulmonary Stenosis is…
Narrowing of the pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary stenosis causes
The right ventricular wall hypertrophy (enlargement of organ tissue from the increase in cell size). Becoming decompensated results in right sided heart failure.
Persistent Right Aortic Arch - defined as
In the foetus there is a left + right aortic arch. The left one remains and the right disappears. In persistent Right aortic arch the right arch fails to disappear (The left one disappears) The right one crosses the dorsal aspect pf the oesophagus causing a stricture around the oesophagus. The more the animal and the oesophagus grows the more restricted it becomes.
Clinical signs of Persistant Right Aortic Arch
Reguritation Mega- oesophagus Aspiration pneumonia weight loss lethargy / fatigue VERY RARELY ANY CARDIAC SIGNS
Predisposed breeds to Persistant Right Aortic Arch
GSD
Diagnosis and Treatment of Predisposed Right Aortic Arch
Radiograph, including barium study
Ultrasonagraphy / ECG
Surgical section of the ligamentium
Ventricular Septal Defects is…
A hole in the ventricular septum (HOLE IN THE HEART)
What happens to the blood flow with Ventricular Septal Defects..
The blood flows back from the left ventricle to the right ventricle.
What are the implications of ventricular septal defects?
The blood travels back to the lungs again instead of the rest of the body. This results in Left sided heart failure
What are the clinical signs and treatment for Ventricular Septum Defects
Exercise intolerance Cough Dyspnea / pulmonary oedema Weight loss Failure to thrive Diagnosis: X-ray Ultrasound ECG Auscultation of the heart Tx: Surgical heart bypass. Is specialized and not done in uk.
Mitral + Tricuspid Dysplasia is:
Abnormal development of these valves often resulting in regurgitation of the blood in to the atrium.
Would be in younger and not fully formed (stumpy), otherwise it is endocarditis (flappy)
Clinical signs of Mitral + Tricuspid Dysplasia
Systolic heart murmur Congestive heart failure Lethargy Ascites Rapid or irregular heart beat
Tetralogy of Fallot is
4 defects seen at the same time. These are Pulmonary Stenosis Ventricular Septal Defect Right Ventricular hypertrophy Dexatroposition of the arorta (displacement to the right)
Clinical signs if Tetralogy of Fallot
Cyanosis
Exercise intolerance
Weight loss
Heart murmur
Circulatory Disorders of the hematopoietic system are:
Anaemia
Regenerative Anemia
Area’s of the body that make blood:
Spleen, bone marrow and the tonsils
What is the name of blood production:
Haematopoisis
Anemia is
Decreased red blood cell count.
Result in decreased 02 perfusion
Can be regenerative or non-regenerative
Regenerative Anaemia
Bone marrow is working hard to make up the deficit
. Associated with haemolysis or haemorrhage
Reticulocytes will often be seen in blood smears
.Has the potential to be corrected if the formaulation of new RBC’s exceeds the loss due to haemolysis or haemorrhage
