Cardiovascular - Congenital 315

Question 1

Types of Congenital conditions

Answer 1

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Aortic Stenosis
Pulmonary Stenosis
Persistent Right Aortic Arch
Ventricular Septal Defects
Mitral + Tricuspid Dysplasia
Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 2

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

Answer 2

Foetal vessel that connects the aorta to the pulmonary artery. This allows blood flow to bypass the lungs.
In the faetus the blood flow from right to left via the ductus. At the time of birth the ductus should close and become the ligamentum arteriosus. This does not happen in the PDA. This results in blood continuing to flow from right to left as a result of the higher pressure level exerted by the left ventricle. This increases the burden on the left ventricle.

Question 3

Clinical signs of PDA

Answer 3

Dependent on the severity.

Poor tissue infusion which result in weakness, exercise intolerance, stunted growth, coughing, dyspnea and sudden death.

Question 4

Diagnosis of PDA

Answer 4

Audible heart murmur continuous through cardiac cycle.

Radiograph]Ultrasound - blood flow

Question 5

Predisposed breeds of PDA

Answer 5

GSD, Irish setters and cross breeds

Question 6

Surgical treatment of PDA

Answer 6

Surgical ligation of the vessel

Question 7

Stenosis =

Answer 7

Narrowing of the body passage

Question 8

Aortic stenosis is..

Answer 8

Narrowing of the semilunar valve on the exit of the left ventricle

Question 9

Aortic stenosis causes

Answer 9

Increased pressure within the left side of the heart which leads to hyperplasia (excessive tissue growth) of the left ventricular wall. Can lead to left sided heart failure

Question 10

Clinical signs of Aortic stenosis

Answer 10

Syncope (temp loss of consciousness) due to decreased oxygenation of the brain. 
Exercise intolerance
Sudden death
Pulmonary oedema
Coughing
Failure to thrive
Weight loss

Question 11

Diagnosis + treatment of Aortic stenosis

Answer 11

Radiographh, ultrasound and ECG

Surgical treatment

Question 12

Pulmonary Stenosis is…

Answer 12

Narrowing of the pulmonary semilunar valve

Question 13

Pulmonary stenosis causes

Answer 13

The right ventricular wall hypertrophy (enlargement of organ tissue from the increase in cell size). Becoming decompensated results in right sided heart failure.

Question 14

Persistent Right Aortic Arch - defined as

Answer 14

In the foetus there is a left + right aortic arch. The left one remains and the right disappears. In persistent Right aortic arch the right arch fails to disappear (The left one disappears) The right one crosses the dorsal aspect pf the oesophagus causing a stricture around the oesophagus. The more the animal and the oesophagus grows the more restricted it becomes.

Question 15

Clinical signs of Persistant Right Aortic Arch

Answer 15

Reguritation
Mega- oesophagus
Aspiration pneumonia
weight loss
lethargy / fatigue
VERY RARELY ANY CARDIAC SIGNS

Question 16

Predisposed breeds to Persistant Right Aortic Arch

Answer 16

GSD

Question 17

Diagnosis and Treatment of Predisposed Right Aortic Arch

Answer 17

Radiograph, including barium study
Ultrasonagraphy / ECG
Surgical section of the ligamentium

Question 18

Ventricular Septal Defects is…

Answer 18

A hole in the ventricular septum (HOLE IN THE HEART)

Question 19

What happens to the blood flow with Ventricular Septal Defects..

Answer 19

The blood flows back from the left ventricle to the right ventricle.

Question 20

What are the implications of ventricular septal defects?

Answer 20

The blood travels back to the lungs again instead of the rest of the body. This results in Left sided heart failure

Question 21

What are the clinical signs and treatment for Ventricular Septum Defects

Answer 21

Exercise intolerance
Cough
Dyspnea / pulmonary oedema
Weight loss
Failure to thrive
Diagnosis:
X-ray
Ultrasound
ECG
Auscultation of the heart
Tx: Surgical heart bypass. Is specialized and not done in uk.

Question 22

Mitral + Tricuspid Dysplasia is:

Answer 22

Abnormal development of these valves often resulting in regurgitation of the blood in to the atrium.
Would be in younger and not fully formed (stumpy), otherwise it is endocarditis (flappy)

Question 23

Clinical signs of Mitral + Tricuspid Dysplasia

Answer 23

Systolic heart murmur
Congestive heart failure
Lethargy
Ascites
Rapid or irregular heart beat

Question 24

Tetralogy of Fallot is

Answer 24

4 defects seen at the same time. 
These are
Pulmonary Stenosis
Ventricular Septal Defect
Right Ventricular hypertrophy
Dexatroposition of the arorta (displacement to the right)

Question 25

Clinical signs if Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 25

Cyanosis
Exercise intolerance
Weight loss
Heart murmur

Question 26

Circulatory Disorders of the hematopoietic system are:

Answer 26

Anaemia

Regenerative Anemia

Question 27

Area’s of the body that make blood:

Answer 27

Spleen, bone marrow and the tonsils

Question 28

What is the name of blood production:

Answer 28

Haematopoisis

Question 29

Anemia is

Answer 29

Decreased red blood cell count.
Result in decreased 02 perfusion
Can be regenerative or non-regenerative

Question 30

Regenerative Anaemia

Answer 30

Bone marrow is working hard to make up the deficit
. Associated with haemolysis or haemorrhage
Reticulocytes will often be seen in blood smears
.Has the potential to be corrected if the formaulation of new RBC’s exceeds the loss due to haemolysis or haemorrhage