Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chest Injuries component 20 > cardiovascular conditions - component 18 > Flashcards

cardiovascular conditions - component 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Risk factors associated with coronary heart disease:

A

high blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels

High BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is coronary heart disease?

A

Condition in which the heart muscle is damaged, or prevented from achieving its full potential, because of diminished or inadequate blood supply due to obstruction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

coronary artery disease

A

Condition that causes narrowing or obstruction of coronary arteries, resulting in reduced or obstructed blood flow through the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

causes of coronary artery disease

ATHEROMA

A

atheroma:
Development of thick, hard plaques or lesions of hardened lipid material. Commonly found at greatest areas of turbulent blood flow such as bifurcation. The Plaque, restricts blood flow and increases pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

causes of coronary artery disease

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

A

Long term degenerative disease of the arteries.
characterised by progressive narrowing of the lumen of medium and large arteries due to the build up of plaque. So no recoil or movement, cant expand, effect on blood flow and BP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

causes of coronary artery disease

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

A

A gradual loss of elasticity in the walls of arteries due to thickening and degenerative processes. Can cut off blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

causes of coronary artery disease

THROMBUS

A

A blood clot formed in an unbroken blood vessel. Stop blood getting to the major organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

causes of coronary artery disease

EMBOLUS

A

Any debris transported by the blood stream e.g. plastic, air, blood clot, fat.
anything that flows until becoming blocked in a small vessel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Acute coronary syndrome

A

Coronary artery disease can lead to the reduction in blood flow through an artery to the heart muscle (myocardium)
as a result, the patient may develop signs and symptoms of acute coronary syndrome. (ACS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ACS occurs when

A

Abrupt reduction in blood supply to the myocardium leading to myocardial ischaemia.

acute is when it happens straight away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Presentation of ACS

A

Central chest pain
crushing or constricting in nature
Persists >15minutes

pain may also present in shoulders, upper abdomen, neck arms and jaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Umbrella terms for ACS

A

unstable angina
ST- elevation myocardial infarction
Non ST elevation myocardial infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

angina

A

Condition caused by reduction in blood flow through a coronary artery causing ischaemia. Two main types - stable (will normally respond to a vasodilator) and unstable (won’t respond, complete exclusion of blood flow to heart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Obtain a history

A

OLDCARTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Basic observations should be completed

A 
respirations
pulse
Pallor check - look at your patient
sp02, 
BP
12 lead ECG - on all patients suspected of ACS 
Pain score pre and post treatment
be prepared to defibrillate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stable and unstable angina clinical presentation

A

pain or heaviness in arms and chest
Pallor/diaphoresis
pain may be referred to the throat, jaw and teeth and also armpits and often into the arm
Nausea/vomiting

17
Q

Stable angina

A

Pain typically related to exertion

pain normally subsides on resting within a few minutes and therefore would not be categorised as ACS.

If pain persists for more than 15 mins or doesn’t go away with normal treatment then may be ACS.

18
Q

unstable angina

A

May occur at rest, sleeping and walking

19
Q

what is prinzmetal angina

A

A form of unstable angina.

often occurs when resting, no predictable pattern

20
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

an interruption of normal coronary blood flow resulting in a portion of cardiac muscle being deprived of oxygenated blood.

Results in cardiac muscle becoming necrotic and replaced by non contractile scar tissue.

21
Q

myocardial clinical features

A

Severe central chest pain, neck jaw arm and back
pallor, nausea and vomiting, anxiety
Hypotension/hypertension
shallow breathing, grey with cyanosed extremities
Irregular pulse
ECG irregularities

22
Q

ACS management

A

Reassure and place the patient at physical and emotional rest
no 02 unless under 94% but check JRCALC guidlines
Administer glyceryl trinitrate spray and consider aspirin
consider etonox for prolonged pain
Paramedic intervention for morphiine
obtain and record base line interventions

23
Q

ECG in a STEMI

A

Elevation of ST segment

24
Q

in hospital blood testing

A

A troponin test measures the levels of troponin T or troponin I proteins in the blood. We don’t give paracetamol as this raises troponin levels.
these proteins are related when the heart muscle has been damaged e.g. heart attack. The more damage the greater amount of troponin in the blood.

Help to differentiate between MI and other causes of chest pain

25
Q

heart failure

A

Heart failure is not a specific disease

Causes can include:
myocardial infarction
hypertension
Valvular heart disease

26
Q

what is orthopnea

A

Trouble lying down and breathing

27
Q

left ventricular failure presentations:

A

(can cause fluid in the lungs)

Pulmonar oedema

orthopnoea

Coughing frothy pink sputum

abnormal lung sounds e.g. wheezing/crackles

cyanosis

Elevated blood pressure

extended neck veins

28
Q

Right ventricular failure

A

Slightly different affects than LVF

29
Q

GTN (JRCALC) - indications

A

Indications - cardiac chest pain due to angina or MI, when systolic pressure is greater than 90mmHg.

breathlessness due to pulmonary oedema in acute heart failure when systolic BP greater than 110mmHg

Patients with suspected cocaine toxicity presenting with chest pain

Contra indications - hypotension, hypovaleamia, head trauma, cerebral haemorrhage, patients who have taken viagra, unconscious patients, known severe aortic or mitral stenosis.

30
Q

what is rheumatic fever?

A

A serious complication that can develop following an untreated throat infection.

Symptoms include joint pain, swelling, inflammation of the heart causing chest pain and shortness of breath.

the body senses infection so sends antibodies, these sometimes affect the joints and heart

Can cause heart valves to swell leading to scarring

the valves can become damaged and stiffen, resulting in a disruption in blood flow through the heart. Can cause back flow of blood

31
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

accumulation of blood in the pericardial sac causing increase in pericardial pressure.

Bunt or penetrating trauma that have cause damaged to heart wall but pericardial has stayed in tact.

does not allow blood to expand and refill

32
Q

Cardiac tamponade signs and symptoms

A 
muffled heart sounds
Narrowing pulse pressure
hypotension
Distended neck veins
pallor
etc.
33
Q

Cardiac tamponade management

A

life threatening and so require rapid treatment in hospital

Administer oxygen

rapid transport to hospital

34
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

swelling of the pericardium which is the fluid filled sac surrounding heart.

main symptoms are chest pain. Can Alleviates when sat up and worse when lie down. Pain worse when breathe in.

35
Q

Vascular emergencies -thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms

A

a non specific dilation or out pouching of a blood vessel, developing a weak point in the wall of an artery that results from degenerative changes in the intimal and medial layers.

Progressive enlargement occurs over time as pressure increase, resulting in life threatening rupture of the vessel.

36
Q

what is sickle cell

A

Condition affecting the haemoglobin in red blood cells. The cells are irregular in shape and occlude the microvasculature leading to tissue ischaemia.

Can be painful

Acute chest syndrome is a common and potentially fatal complication of a painful crisis and often precipitated by a chest infection.

Chest Injuries component 20 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions