Cardiovascular Conditions C Flashcards
Basic Knowledge
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Description
cardiomyocyte pathology causing thickening of cardiac muscle wall
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Causes (1)
1) genetic (autosomal dominant)
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Pathophysiology (6)
1) sarcomere gene mutation
2) cardiac muscle wall thickening
3) decreased chamber size
4) decreased diastolic filling
5) decreased stroke volume
6) decreased cardiac output
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Symptoms (4)
1) angina
2) palpitations
3) syncope
4) dyspnoea
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Comorbidities (1)
1) sudden death
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Diagnosis (3)
1) ECG inverted T wave deep Q wave 2) echocardiogram 3) MRI
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Management (3)
1) β blockers
2) amiodarone
3) anticoagulants
Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Description
cardiomyocyte pathology causing ventricular chamber enlargement
Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Causes (4)
1) genetic (x-linked)
2) alcoholism
3) hypertension
4) hyperthyroidism
Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Pathophysiology (X-Linked) (3)
1) cytoskeletal gene mutation
2) ventricular chamber dilation
3) contractile dysfunction
Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Symptoms (2)
1) fatigue
2) dyspnoea
Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Signs (5)
1) atrial fibrillation
2) tachycardia
3) hypertension
4) increased JVP
5) jaundice
Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Comorbidities (5)
1) sudden death
2) pulmonary oedema
3) right ventricular failure
4) hepatomegaly
5) ascites
Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Diagnosis (4)
1) high BNP
2) low Na+
3) cardiac x-ray (cardiomegaly, pulmonary oedema)
4) ECG
Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Management (6)
1) bed rest
2) diuretics
3) β blockers
4) ACE inhibitors
5) anticoagulants
6) implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy - Description
cardiomyocyte pathology causing ventricular arrhythmia
Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy - Causes (1)
1) genetic
Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy - Pathophysiology (4)
1) desmosome gene mutation
2) fibro-fatty tissue replaces cardiomyocytes
3) impaired contractility
4) arrhthymia
Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy - Symptoms (2)
1) palpitations
2) syncope
Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy - Comorbidities (2)
1) sudden death
2) Naxos syndrome
Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy - Diagnosis (3)
1) RV angiogram
2) MRI
3) echocardiogram
Ventricular Septal Defect - Description
congenital hole connecting ventricles
Ventricular Septal Defect - Causes (1)
1) congenital
Ventricular Septal Defect - Pathophysiology (4)
1) high pressure in LV
2) low pressure in RV
3) blood flows from LV to RV
4) increased blood flow to lungs
Ventricular Septal Defect - Symptoms (1)
1) dyspnoea
Ventricular Septal Defect - Signs (4)
1) poor feeding
2) failure to thrive
3) increased respiratory rate
4) tachycardia
Ventricular Septal Defect - Comorbidities (2)
1) tetralogy of Fallot
2) Eisenmenger’s syndrome
Ventricular Septal Defect - Diagnosis (2)
1) ECG
2) cardiac x-ray (enlarged pulmonary arteries and cardiomegaly)
Ventricular Septal Defect - Management (2)
1) medical therapy
2) surgery (hasn’t closed by itself or is symptomatic)
Atrial Septal Defect - Description
congenital hole connecting atria
Atrial Septal Defect - Causes (1)
1) congenital
Atrial Septal Defect - Pathophysiology (4)
1) high pressure in LA
2) low pressure in RA
3) blood flow from LA to RA
4) increased blood flow to lungs
Atrial Septal Defect - Symptoms (3)
1) dyspnoea
2) chest pain
3) palpitations
Atrial Septal Defect - Signs (1)
1) pulmonary flow murmur
Atrial Septal Defect - Comorbidities (1)
1) chest infections
Atrial Septal Defect - Diagnosis (2)
1) ECG
2) cardiac x-ray (enlarged pulmonary arteries and cardiomegaly)
Atrial Septal Defect - Management (2)
1) leave to close by itself
2) transcatheter closure
Coarctation of Aorta - Description
congenital narrowing of descending aorta
Coarctation of Aorta - Causes (1)
1) congenital
Coarctation of Aorta - Signs (4)
1) right arm hypertension (sphygmomanometer)
2) bruits over scapula and back
3) murmur
4) tachycardia
Coarctation of Aorta - Comorbidities (1)
1) heart failure (if severe, complete obstruction of aortic flow)
Coarctation of Aorta - Diagnosis (2)
1) CT angiogram
2) MRI angiogram
Coarctation of Aorta - Management (2)
1) surgery
2) balloon dilation ± stent
Bicuspid Aortic Valve - Description
two leaflet aortic valve
Bicuspid Aortic Valve - Causes (1)
1) congenital
Bicuspid Aortic Valve - Comorbidities (4)
1) aortic stenosis
2) aortic regurgitation
3) aortic dilation/dissection
4) endocarditis
Bicuspid Aortic Valve - Diagnosis (1)
1) echocardiogram
Bicuspid Aortic Valve - Management (1)
1) valve replacement
Tetralogy of Fallot - Description
congenital cyanotic heart defect
Tetralogy of Fallot - Causes (1)
1) congenital
Tetralogy of Fallot - Pathophysiology (5)
1) ventricular septal defect
2) pulmonary stenosis
3) right ventricular hypertrophy
4) overriding aorta allows blood from both ventricles to enter
5) unoxygenated blood in systemic circulation
Tetralogy of Fallot - Signs (2)
1) cyanosis
2) squatting (increase PVR)
Tetralogy of Fallot - Comorbidities (1)
1) death
Tetralogy of Fallot - Diagnosis (2)
1) ECG (RV hypertrophy)
2) cardiac x-ray (boot-shaped heart)
Tetralogy of Fallot - Management (1)
1) surgery (before 1 year)
Shock - Description
circulatory failure resulting in inadequate organ perfusion
Shock - Causes (5)
1) haemorrhage
2) anaphylaxis
3) sepsis
4) neurogenic (e.g. spinal cord injury)
5) cardiogenic (e.g. arrhythmia or MI)
Shock - Pathophysiology (Haemorrhagic) (3)
1) hypovolaemia
2) circulatory failure
3) inadequate organ perfusion
Shock - Pathophysiology (Anaphylactic) (6)
1) type 1 anaphylaxis (IgE)
2) histamine release
3) vasodilation and blood vessel leak
4) hypovolaemia
5) circulatory failure
6) inadequate organ perfusion
Shock - Pathophysiology (Septic) (3)
1) dysregulated host response to infection
2) circulatory failure
3) inadequate organ perfusion
Shock - Pathophysiology (Neurogenic) (4)
1) loss of sympathetic stimulation
2) vasodilation
3) circulatory failure
4) inadequate organ perfusion
Shock - Pathophysiology (Cardiogenic) (2)
1) circulatory failure
2) inadequate organ perfusion
Shock - Symptoms (4)
1) nausea
2) vomiting
3) muscle weakness
4) chest pain
Shock - Signs (9)
1) low GCS
2) hypotension
3) pallor
4) cold peripheries
5) tachycardia
6) tachypnoea
7) slow capillary refill time
8) oliguria
9) anaphylaxis
Shock - Comorbidities (1)
1) death
Shock - Diagnosis (3)
1) SBP < 90mmHg
2) MAP < 65mmHg
3) lactate > 2mM
Shock - Management (Haemorrhagic) (3)
1) stop bleeding
2) 2L crystalloid
3) blood transfusion
Shock - Management (Anaphylaxis) (3)
1) adrenaline
2) chlorphenamine
3) hydrocortisone
Shock - Management (Septic) (3)
1) antibiotics/antimicriobials
2) fluids
3) oxygen
Shock - Management (Neurogenic) (3)
1) dopamine
2) ADH
3) antihypertensives
Shock - Management (Cardiogenic) (3)
1) oxygen
2) diamorphine
3) revascularise (MI)
