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Phase 2a - Cardiovascular > Cardiovascular Conditions C > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Conditions C Flashcards

Basic Knowledge

1
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Description

A

cardiomyocyte pathology causing thickening of cardiac muscle wall

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2
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Causes (1)

A

1) genetic (autosomal dominant)

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3
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Pathophysiology (6)

A

1) sarcomere gene mutation
2) cardiac muscle wall thickening
3) decreased chamber size
4) decreased diastolic filling
5) decreased stroke volume
6) decreased cardiac output

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4
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Symptoms (4)

A

1) angina
2) palpitations
3) syncope
4) dyspnoea

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5
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Comorbidities (1)

A

1) sudden death

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6
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Diagnosis (3)

A 
1) ECG
inverted T wave
deep Q wave
2) echocardiogram
3) MRI
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7
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Management (3)

A

1) β blockers
2) amiodarone
3) anticoagulants

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8
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Description

A

cardiomyocyte pathology causing ventricular chamber enlargement

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9
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Causes (4)

A

1) genetic (x-linked)
2) alcoholism
3) hypertension
4) hyperthyroidism

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10
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Pathophysiology (X-Linked) (3)

A

1) cytoskeletal gene mutation
2) ventricular chamber dilation
3) contractile dysfunction

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11
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Symptoms (2)

A

1) fatigue

2) dyspnoea

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12
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Signs (5)

A

1) atrial fibrillation
2) tachycardia
3) hypertension
4) increased JVP
5) jaundice

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13
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Comorbidities (5)

A

1) sudden death
2) pulmonary oedema
3) right ventricular failure
4) hepatomegaly
5) ascites

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14
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Diagnosis (4)

A

1) high BNP
2) low Na+
3) cardiac x-ray (cardiomegaly, pulmonary oedema)
4) ECG

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15
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Management (6)

A

1) bed rest
2) diuretics
3) β blockers
4) ACE inhibitors
5) anticoagulants
6) implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

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16
Q

Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy - Description

A

cardiomyocyte pathology causing ventricular arrhythmia

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17
Q

Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy - Causes (1)

A

1) genetic

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18
Q

Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy - Pathophysiology (4)

A

1) desmosome gene mutation
2) fibro-fatty tissue replaces cardiomyocytes
3) impaired contractility
4) arrhthymia

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19
Q

Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy - Symptoms (2)

A

1) palpitations

2) syncope

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20
Q

Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy - Comorbidities (2)

A

1) sudden death

2) Naxos syndrome

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21
Q

Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy - Diagnosis (3)

A

1) RV angiogram
2) MRI
3) echocardiogram

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22
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect - Description

A

congenital hole connecting ventricles

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23
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect - Causes (1)

A

1) congenital

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24
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect - Pathophysiology (4)

A

1) high pressure in LV
2) low pressure in RV
3) blood flows from LV to RV
4) increased blood flow to lungs

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25
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect - Symptoms (1)

A

1) dyspnoea

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26
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect - Signs (4)

A

1) poor feeding
2) failure to thrive
3) increased respiratory rate
4) tachycardia

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27
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect - Comorbidities (2)

A

1) tetralogy of Fallot

2) Eisenmenger’s syndrome

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28
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect - Diagnosis (2)

A

1) ECG

2) cardiac x-ray (enlarged pulmonary arteries and cardiomegaly)

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29
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect - Management (2)

A

1) medical therapy

2) surgery (hasn’t closed by itself or is symptomatic)

30
Q

Atrial Septal Defect - Description

A

congenital hole connecting atria

31
Q

Atrial Septal Defect - Causes (1)

A

1) congenital

32
Q

Atrial Septal Defect - Pathophysiology (4)

A

1) high pressure in LA
2) low pressure in RA
3) blood flow from LA to RA
4) increased blood flow to lungs

33
Q

Atrial Septal Defect - Symptoms (3)

A

1) dyspnoea
2) chest pain
3) palpitations

34
Q

Atrial Septal Defect - Signs (1)

A

1) pulmonary flow murmur

35
Q

Atrial Septal Defect - Comorbidities (1)

A

1) chest infections

36
Q

Atrial Septal Defect - Diagnosis (2)

A

1) ECG

2) cardiac x-ray (enlarged pulmonary arteries and cardiomegaly)

37
Q

Atrial Septal Defect - Management (2)

A

1) leave to close by itself

2) transcatheter closure

38
Q

Coarctation of Aorta - Description

A

congenital narrowing of descending aorta

39
Q

Coarctation of Aorta - Causes (1)

A

1) congenital

40
Q

Coarctation of Aorta - Signs (4)

A

1) right arm hypertension (sphygmomanometer)
2) bruits over scapula and back
3) murmur
4) tachycardia

41
Q

Coarctation of Aorta - Comorbidities (1)

A

1) heart failure (if severe, complete obstruction of aortic flow)

43
Q

Coarctation of Aorta - Diagnosis (2)

A

1) CT angiogram

2) MRI angiogram

44
Q

Coarctation of Aorta - Management (2)

A

1) surgery

2) balloon dilation ± stent

45
Q

Bicuspid Aortic Valve - Description

A

two leaflet aortic valve

46
Q

Bicuspid Aortic Valve - Causes (1)

A

1) congenital

47
Q

Bicuspid Aortic Valve - Comorbidities (4)

A

1) aortic stenosis
2) aortic regurgitation
3) aortic dilation/dissection
4) endocarditis

48
Q

Bicuspid Aortic Valve - Diagnosis (1)

A

1) echocardiogram

49
Q

Bicuspid Aortic Valve - Management (1)

A

1) valve replacement

50
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot - Description

A

congenital cyanotic heart defect

51
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot - Causes (1)

A

1) congenital

52
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot - Pathophysiology (5)

A

1) ventricular septal defect
2) pulmonary stenosis
3) right ventricular hypertrophy
4) overriding aorta allows blood from both ventricles to enter
5) unoxygenated blood in systemic circulation

53
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot - Signs (2)

A

1) cyanosis

2) squatting (increase PVR)

54
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot - Comorbidities (1)

A

1) death

55
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot - Diagnosis (2)

A

1) ECG (RV hypertrophy)

2) cardiac x-ray (boot-shaped heart)

56
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot - Management (1)

A

1) surgery (before 1 year)

57
Q

Shock - Description

A

circulatory failure resulting in inadequate organ perfusion

58
Q

Shock - Causes (5)

A

1) haemorrhage
2) anaphylaxis
3) sepsis
4) neurogenic (e.g. spinal cord injury)
5) cardiogenic (e.g. arrhythmia or MI)

59
Q

Shock - Pathophysiology (Haemorrhagic) (3)

A

1) hypovolaemia
2) circulatory failure
3) inadequate organ perfusion

60
Q

Shock - Pathophysiology (Anaphylactic) (6)

A

1) type 1 anaphylaxis (IgE)
2) histamine release
3) vasodilation and blood vessel leak
4) hypovolaemia
5) circulatory failure
6) inadequate organ perfusion

61
Q

Shock - Pathophysiology (Septic) (3)

A

1) dysregulated host response to infection
2) circulatory failure
3) inadequate organ perfusion

62
Q

Shock - Pathophysiology (Neurogenic) (4)

A

1) loss of sympathetic stimulation
2) vasodilation
3) circulatory failure
4) inadequate organ perfusion

63
Q

Shock - Pathophysiology (Cardiogenic) (2)

A

1) circulatory failure

2) inadequate organ perfusion

64
Q

Shock - Symptoms (4)

A

1) nausea
2) vomiting
3) muscle weakness
4) chest pain

65
Q

Shock - Signs (9)

A

1) low GCS
2) hypotension
3) pallor
4) cold peripheries
5) tachycardia
6) tachypnoea
7) slow capillary refill time
8) oliguria
9) anaphylaxis

66
Q

Shock - Comorbidities (1)

A

1) death

67
Q

Shock - Diagnosis (3)

A

1) SBP < 90mmHg
2) MAP < 65mmHg
3) lactate > 2mM

68
Q

Shock - Management (Haemorrhagic) (3)

A

1) stop bleeding
2) 2L crystalloid
3) blood transfusion

69
Q

Shock - Management (Anaphylaxis) (3)

A

1) adrenaline
2) chlorphenamine
3) hydrocortisone

70
Q

Shock - Management (Septic) (3)

A

1) antibiotics/antimicriobials
2) fluids
3) oxygen

71
Q

Shock - Management (Neurogenic) (3)

A

1) dopamine
2) ADH
3) antihypertensives

72
Q

Shock - Management (Cardiogenic) (3)

A

1) oxygen
2) diamorphine
3) revascularise (MI)

Phase 2a - Cardiovascular (4 decks)

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