Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 3 Conditions - Jan > Cardiovascular Conditions > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Define AR

A

Backflow of blood from aorta to LV due to insufficient valve in diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Aetiology AR

A

Aortic valve dysfunction

  • Infective endocarditis
  • RHD
  • Bicuspid Valve

Aortic dilatation

  • Severe HT
  • Aortitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dsypnoea
Orthopnoea
Angina
Syncope

Water hammer pulse
Wide pulse pressure
Early diastolic murmur heard best over left sternal edge with pt sitting forward

A

Aortic Regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Investigations AR

A

CXR

  • Cardiomegaly
  • Ascending aorta dilatation

ECG
- Signs of LVH

ECHO

  • Doppler echo for diagnosis
  • may show underlying cause

Cardiac catherterisation
- If uncertain about state of ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define AS

A

Obstruction of blood flow across aortic valve due to pathological narrowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Aetiology AS

A

Senile calcification due to ageing
Rheumatic heard disease
Bicuspid valve (calcification)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Angina
Syncope
HF symptoms

Narrow Pulse pressure
Slow rising pulse
Thrill in aortic area (palpable murmur)
Ejection systolic murmur at aortic area radiating to carotid

A

AS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Investigations AS

A

ECHO
- Visualises structural changes of valve

ECG
- Signs of LVH

CXR
- Calcification of valve

Cardiac angiography
- allows differentiation from other angina causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define MR

A

Backflow of blood from LV to LA due to mitral valve insufficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Aetiology MR

A

Valve leaflet abnormality

  • Mitral valve prolapse
  • Infective endocarditis
  • Connective tissue disorders (Ehler’s Danlos, Marfans)

Annulus issue

  • LV dilatation
  • RHD

Chordae tendinae/papillary muscle
- Damage of papillary muscle due to MI/IHD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Exertional Dyspnoea
Maybe palpitations
Fatigue

Apex beat laterally displaces
Pan systolic murmur heard best at apex with radiation to axilla

Could be mid systolic click with late systolic murmur

A

MR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Investigations MR

A

ECG
- May show AF/broad bifid P wave (LA dilation)

CXR

  • LA enlargement
  • Cardiomegaly
  • Mitral valve calcificaiton

ECHO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define Mitral Stenosis

A

Obstruction of blood flow from LA to LV due to mitral valve narrowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Aetiology Mitral Stenosis

A

RHD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q 
Fatigue
SOB
Palpitations
Dyspnoea 
Hoarseness, dysphagia, bronchial obstruction

Peripheral cyanosis
Irregularly irregular pulse
Parasternal heave
Mid-diastolic murmur

A

Mitral Stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Investigations Mitral stenosis

A

ECG

  • bifid p wave
  • AF

CXR

  • LA enlargement
  • Cardiomegaly

ECHO

Cardiac catheterisation
- severity of HF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define rheumatic fever

A

Inflammatory multisystem disorder, following infection with group A beta haemolytic streptococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Aetiology rheumatic fever

A

Strep pharyngeal infection

Molecular mimicry to initiate tissue injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

General

  • fever
  • malaise
  • anorexia

Joints

  • painful, swollen
  • decreased movement

Cardiac

  • breathlessness
  • palpitations
  • chest pain
A

Rheumatic fever

20
Q

Duckett Jones criteria

A

For assessing rheumatic fever

21
Q

Investigations rheumatic fever

A

Bloods

  • inc WCC
  • inc ESR/CRP
  • inc antistretolysin O titre

Throat swab
- culture for GAS

ECG
- saddle shaped ST elevations

ECHO

  • pericardial effusion
  • myocardial thickening
  • valvular dysfunction
22
Q

Define TR

A

backflow of blood from RV to RA

23
Q

Aetiology TR

A

Congenital - ebstein anomaly
Functional - RV dilatation
RHD
Infective endocarditis - common in IV drug users and PICC lines

24
Q 
Fatigue 
breathlessness 
Palpitations 
headaches 
Nausea
Anorexia 
Epigastric pain worse with exercise 
Jaundice 
Lower limb swelling 
Irregularly irregualr pulse 
Inc JVP 
Parasternal heave 
Pansystolic murmur heard best at lower left sternal edge 
Pleural effusion 
Palpable liver 
Pitting oedema
A

TR

25
Q

Investigations TR

A

Bloods

  • FBC
  • LFT
  • Cardiac enzymes
  • Blood cultures

ECG
- p pulmonale (RA hypertrophy)

CXR
- right sided enlargement

Echocardiography

Right heard catheterisation

26
Q

Define IE

A

Infection of the intracardiac endocardial structures

27
Q

Aetiology IE

A

Common organisms

  • Streptococci - mainly S. viridans and S.bovis
  • Staphylococci - S. aureus and S.epidermis
  • Enterococci - E.faecalis
  • HACEK
    - Haemophilus
    - Acinobacter
    - Cardiobacterium
    - Ekinella
    - Kingella

RISK FACTORS

  • Prosthetic heart valves
  • Abnormal valves
  • Recent dental work
  • IV drug use
28
Q

Fever
Roth’s Spots
Oslers Nodes
Murmurs

Janeway lesions 
Anaemia
Nail - splinter haemorrhages
Emboli
Clubbing
A

Infective endocarditis

29
Q

Investigations IE

A

Blood cultures - 3 different sites at 3 different times

Bloods

  • FBC –> inc neutrophils
  • Inc ESR/CRP
  • U&Es
  • Rheumatoid factor +ve

Urinalysis - microscopic haematuria, proteinuria

CXR

  • cardiomegaly
  • septic pulmonary emboli

Echo
- detection and visualisation of heart valves

30
Q

Management of Infective Endocarditis

A

Blind therapy of native valve: amox +/- gentamicin

Blind therapy of prosthetic valve: vancomycin + gentamycin + rifampicin

Streptococci: Benzylpenicillin & gentamicin

Staphylococci: Flucloxacillin & Gentamicin

Enterococci: Amox & gentamicin

Culture -ve: Vancomycin & Gentamicin

Surgery - valve replacement

AB prophylaxis for anyone going high risk procedure with IE hx

31
Q

Complications of IE

A 
Valve incompetence 
Intracardiac fistulae
Aneurysm formation 
HF
Renal failure 
Glomerulonephritis
32
Q

Define myocarditis

A

Inflammation (& necrosis) of cardiac muscle

33
Q

Aetiology myocarditis

A

Viruses

  • Coxsackie B
  • Echovirus
  • EBV
  • CMV
  • Adenovirus
  • Influenza

Bacteria

  • Post-strep
  • TB
  • Dipthieria
  • Clostridia

Fungal - Cadidiasis

Protozoal - Trypanosomiasis

Helmiths - Trichinosis

Non infective - SLE, sarcoidosis

Drugs

34
Q 
Fever 
Malaise 
Fatigue 
Lethargy
Breathlessness 
Palpitations 
Sharp chest pain
A

Myocarditis

35
Q

Define pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

36
Q

Aetiology pericarditis

A 
Idiopathic 
Infective
- Coxsackie B
- Echovirus 
- Mumps 
- Streptococci
- Staphylococci

Connective tissue disease

DRESSLER’S syndrome - months following acute MI

Malignancy

37
Q

Sharp central chest pain, aggravated by deep inspiration. Pain relieved by sitting forward
Fever
Friction rub - best heard @ lower L sternal edge with pt leaning forwards
Becks triad - inc JVP, dec BP, muffled heart sounds
Tachycardia
Pulsus paradoxus

A

Pericarditis

38
Q 
Inc JVP with inspiration 
Pulsus paradoxus 
Hepatomegaly 
Ascites 
Oedema 
Pericardial knock 
AF
A

Constricitive Pericarditis

39
Q

Investigations Pericarditis

A

ECG
- Widespread ST elevation with saddle shape

ECHO
- assess pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade

Bloods

  • FBC –> WCC
  • CRP/ESR
  • Cardiac enzymes (usually normal)

CXR

  • GLobular shadowing if effusion
  • Pericardial calcification seen in constricitve pericarditis
40
Q

Management pericarditis

A

Acute - pericardiocentesis drainage
Medical - treat underlying cause, NSAIDS for pain management
Surgical - surgical excision of pericardium

41
Q

Complications pericarditis

A

Pericardial effusion
Cardiac tamponade
Cardiac arrhythmia

42
Q

Define arterial ulcer

A

Localised area of damage and breakdown of skin due to inadequate arterial blood supply

43
Q

Aetiology arterial ulcer

A

Lack of blood flow to capillary beds of lower extremities

RISK FACTORS

  • CHD
  • Diabetes
  • Hx of Stroke
  • HT
44
Q

Seen at dorsum of foot or between toes
Elliptical with clearly defined edges and base contains grey granulation edges
NIGHT PAIN IN LEG

Hairless skin
Cold limb
Absent pulse
Wasting of calf muscles

A

Arterial ulcer

45
Q

Investigations for arterial ulcer

A 
Duplex USS 
ABPI - measure difference between BP in arm and leg 
ECG
Lipids, blood glucose and HbA1c
FBC - anaemia can worsen ischaemia

Year 3 Conditions - Jan (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions