Cardiovascular and Vascular

Question 1

What is cardiac stroke volume, cardiac output, and cardiac index?

Answer 1

Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat.
Cardiac output is the amount or blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute. CO= SV x HR
Cardiac Index is CO divided by body surface area.

Question 2

What is preload, afterload, and contractility?

Answer 2

Preload is the volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole. (PRE-load think before the ventricles fill again)

Contractility is the mobility of the heart (enlargement of wall thicking can effect the stregth of this)

Afterload is the peripheral resistance the left ventricle has to work against when pumping blood.

Question 3

What can increase preload and afterload?

Answer 3

Preload can be increased by:
Hypervolemia
Regurgitation of cardiac valves
Heart failure

Afterload can be increased by:
Hypertension
Vasoconstriction

Increased afterload=increased cardiac workload.

Question 4

Places you auscultate when assessing the heart?

Answer 4

Aortic valve- right side, two finger spaces away from the sternum, 2nd intercostal space.

Pulmonic valve- Left side, two finger spaces away from the sternum, 2nd intercostal space.

Erbs point- 3rd intercostal space down (S3, S4 abnormal sound).

Tricuspid- 4th intercostal space.

Mitral- 5th intercostal space midclavicular line.

Bell for murmurs.

Question 5

where to hear S1 and S2

Answer 5

S1(LUB) in aortic area, closure of tricuspid and mitral valve.
S2 (DUB) in pulmonic area, closure of aortic and pulmonic.

S1 is QRS
S2 is after the T wave

Question 6

Diagnostic studies fot the heart?

Answer 6

1) Non-invasive studies (1st line):
Blood chemistries/cardiac biomarkers:
-Troponin (Most common, shows at 2 hr mark)
-Myoglobin (happens with any muscle though)
-CKMB
2) Chest x-Ray
3) Electrocardiogram
-Resting ECG
-Ambulatory ECG
-Event monitor (Holter)-Has diary
-Exercise-stress test-increase speed/elevation
-6-minute walk test

Question 7

What is an Angiogram?

Answer 7

If a blocked coronary artery is suspected, they can go in through the wrist or femoral areas with a camera. They can also inject it with a dye so that they can see if there is a blockage.

Question 8

What do they do if they find a coronary blackage on an angiogram?

Answer 8

They are going to try and open up this blockage. with cardiac catheterization.
They look for coronary spasms, and see if is there any congenital abnormalities, heart disease, or inappropriate ventricular function.

They can also do some measuring of pressures with cardiac catheter. They can get O2 levels and look at the cardiac output and the ejection fractions.

Question 9

LAST PLACE 29;00

Answer 9

29;00