Cardiovascular and Respiratory System

Question 1

What does the mediastinum refer to?

Answer 1

The chest in the middle but not including the lungs

Question 2

What are the 4 different sections of the mediastinum?

Answer 2

Superior
Anterior
Middle
Posterior

Question 3

What are the superior and inferior borders of the superior mediastinum?

Answer 3

Superior border: Top of the manubrium to T1
Inferior border: Sternal angle to T4/5

Question 4

What is found in the superior mediastinum?

Answer 4

Thymus tissue, aortic arch, pulmonary vessels

Question 5

What makes up the inferior mediastinum?

Answer 5

Anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum

Question 6

What are the borders and what makes up the anterior mediastunum?

Answer 6

Borders: below sternal angle, around anterior surface of heart up to IVC, above diaphragm
Fat and thymus

Question 7

What makes up the middle mediastinum?

Answer 7

Comprised entirely of the heart

Question 8

What are the borders of and what structures are found in the posterior mediastinum?

Answer 8

Borders: inferior of T5, posterior to the heart, superior to diaphragm
Structures: aorta and oesophagus

Question 9

Describe the microscopic structure of the heart:(different layers from out to in)

Answer 9

Pericardium: comprised of two layers
- Fibrous: tough outer layer, anchors heart to diaphragm, prevents rapid overfilling
- Serous: consists of 2 layers (outer visceral layer/ epicardium and the inner parietal layer/ pericardium)
- Pericardial space: between serous layers, lubricating serous fluid decreases friction
Myocardium: heart muscle, trabeculae are ridges and bridges of muscle that create turbulence

Question 10

Describe the gross anatomy of the heart:

Answer 10

• image

Question 11

What are the 3 branches coming of the aorta from right to left (anatomical position)?

Answer 11

Brachiocephalic trunk: splits into right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery
Left Common carotid artery
Left Subclavian artery

Question 12

What do the subclavian arteries provide blood to?

Answer 12

Upper limb

Question 13

What do common carotid arteries supply blood to?

Answer 13

head and neck

Question 14

What is different in foetal circulation?

Answer 14

Ductus venous: bypasses liver from umbilical cord to inferior vena cava (becomes ligamentum venosum)
Foramen ovale: blood flows from RA to LA (becomes fossa ovalis)
Ductus Arteriosus: vessel from pulmonary artery to to aorta (becomes ligamentum arteriosum)

Question 15

What features are visable in right atria?

Answer 15

• Orifice of coronary sinus
• Right atrial appendage
• Crista terminalis (origin for pectinate muscles)
• Musculi pectani

Question 16

How much thicker is left ventrical wall than right ventricle?

Answer 16

3x

Question 17

What are the 4 valves in the heart?

Answer 17

Atrioventricular valves:
- Tricuspid (right AV valve)
- Bicuspid/ mitral (left AV valve)
Semilunar valves (both 3 leaflets):
- Pulmonary valve
- Aortic valve

Question 18

What causes the heart sounds?

Answer 18

Atrioventricular valves closing cause first ‘lub’ sound
Aortic and pulmonary valves falling back after ventricular contraction causes ‘dub’

Question 19

What supplies the heart muscle with blood?

Answer 19

Right and left coronary artery from the aortic sinuses.

Question 20

Venous return of cornary arteries?

Answer 20

Great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein and anterior cardiac veins drain into coronary sinus -> drains into RA

Question 21

What is the conducting system of the heart?

Answer 21

SAN (generates signal) -> AVN (secondary pacemaker, delays signal) -> bundle of his -> right and left bundles -> Septomarginal trabecula/ moderator band (rapid conduction)
-> Purkinje fibres

Question 22

What 4 structures form the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 22

Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and larynx

Question 23

What 3 parts are the pharynx divided into?

Answer 23

Nasopharynx = base of skull to palate
Oropharynx = sopft palate/ uvula to epiglottis (elastic cartilage)
Laryngopharynx = epiglottis to bifurification occurs to oesophagus and trachea

Question 24

What forms the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 24

Right bronchus (vertical, greater diameter, shorter than left main bronchus), left bronchus, primary bronchi (additional middle lobe bronchus in right lung), lungs

Question 25

How many lobes does each lung have?

Answer 25

Left = 2
Right = 3

Question 26

What is contained within the hilum?

Answer 26

bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein

Question 27

What are the names of the lobes in the right lung?

Answer 27

superior
middle
Inferior

Question 28

What are the fissures separating lobes of lung called?

Answer 28

Obllique fissure separates superior and inferior lobe in both lung
Horizontal feature separates superior and middle lobe in right lung

Question 29

What type of cells are present in respiratory epithelium?

Answer 29

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 30

What are the cells of the alveoli?

Answer 30

Type 1 pneumocytes: site of gas exchange
TYpe II pneumocytes: make up 5% all cells and produce surfactant

Question 31

Purpose of surfactant:

Answer 31

increases lung compliance and prevents collapse or atelectasis of lungs at end of experation

Question 32

Function of respiratory tract

Answer 32

Upper - conduction of air (warms and humidifies)
Respiration (gas exchange)
Protection against pathogens (mucous)

Question 33

What is percussion?

Answer 33

Tapping out where something is in someones lungs

Question 34

What is auscultation?

Answer 34

Listening to lungs (avoid scapula)