Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Drugs > Cardiovascular and Respiratory Drugs > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is heart failure?

A

The heart is unable to function effectively to pump around the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the signs associated with left heart failure?

A 
Pulmonary oedema
Increased RR
Lethargy
Dyspnoea
- Cough (dogs)
- Tachycardia
- Exercise intolerance
- Pale MMs/Slow CRT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is RAAS?

A

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the signs associated with right sided heart failure?

A 
- Pleural effusion
increased RR
Lethargy
Dyspnoea
- Tachycardia
- Exercise intolerance
- Pale MMs/Slow CRT
- Ascites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Ascites?

A

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, causing abdomen swelling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is compensation in the heart?

A

As heart fails and stroke volume decreases, heart will increase rate to maintain cardiac output.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens to the heart chamber during this process?

A

Heart chamber dilation increases contractility (Starling’s Law).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the Cardiac output calculations?

A

CO = Stroke Volume X Heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How would Blood Pressure be maintained?

A

As BP drops, RAAS is activated to increase BP and water retention.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is Angiotensin enzyme activated?

A

The Renin activates a cascade where angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is activated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What causes Angiotensin?

A
  • Blood vessel constriction

- Aldosterone Secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When Aldosterone acts on the kidney, what happens?

A

This causes Na retention, water retention, to increased BP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does the compensation mechanisms work when heart failure occurs?

A

Increased HR and SVR (Systemic Vascular Resistence) make the heart work harder -> Increased O2 demand and fatigue.
Increased fluid retention lead to pulmonary oedema, ascites etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why do we treat Heart failure?

A 
Improve quality of life. 
- exercise intolerance
- Appetite
Slow progression of disease. 
- Reduce likelihood of sudden death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do we want to treat Acute CHF (cardiac heart failure) ?

A 
Reduced hypoxaemia
Reduce effusions
- Diuretics
- Vasodilators
Improve cardiac output
- Positive ionotropes
Minimise stress.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do we want to treat Chronic CHF?

A
  • Reduce effusions/pre-load
  • Improve cardiac function
  • Prevent thromboembolism
  • Treat arrhythmia
  • Reduce cardiac re-modelling.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What cardiovascular drug are there?

A
  • Diuretics
  • Vasodilators
  • Positive ionotropes
  • Anti-arrhythmic
  • Anti-thrombotics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do Diuretics do?

A

Removes excess body water by increasing urine flow and sodium excretion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name 4 classes of Diuretics?

A
  • Loop diuretics
  • Thiazide diuretics
  • Potassium-sparing diuretics
  • Osmotic diuretics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Vasodilators? and what do they do?

A

Relax smooth muscle of vessels. Lowers resistance to blood flow. -> reduced after load.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where do Loop diuretics act? What drugs? and possible side effects?

A

In the ascending limb in the kidney.
Furosemide medications.
Inhibits Na, Ca, Mg absorption.
Swapped Na with Potassium in distal convoluted tubule (K+ is urinated out).
Side effect - Hypokalaemia, hypovolaemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where does the Thiazide diuretics act? what drugs? and possible side effects?

A 
Distal Convoluted tubule
- inhibits Na/Cl reabsorption. 
- Na+ is also swapped for K+. 
Side effects - Hypokalaemia
Hypochlorothiazide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where does the Osmotic diuretics act? What drugs? And possible side effects?

A

Proximal convoluted tubules + Loop of Henle.
Large molecules, encourage water in the tubules by osmosis.
Mannitol.
Not really used for HF, more short-term medicated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where does the K-Sparing diuretics act?

A

Distal Convoluted Tubules + Collecting duct
antagonises Aldosterone
-> Na excreted, K retention.
increases the risk of hyperkalaemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What drugs and side effects used for K Sparing diuretics?
- Poor diuretics effect on its own, use in combination with the other diuretics. Reduces cardiac remodelling. - Spironlactone drugs.
26
What are the three categories of vasodilators?
- Arterial vasodilators (hydralazine) - Venodilators (Nitrogylcerin, nitrates) - Mixed arterial and venous (ACE inhibitors).
27
What are Arterial Dilators?
Relax smooth muscle in arteries and arterioles.
28
What drugs are used for vasodilators?
- Nitrogylcerin - Absorbed through skin and mucosa Use in acute CHF with pulmonary oedema to reduce pre-load. - Clinical doses, overdose causes arteriodilation as well -> severe hypotension. Absorbed and administered in the ear. WEAR GLOVES.
29
What does ACE inhibitors effects?
- Venous and arterial dilation - Decreased Na and H20 retention. - Decrease in BP
30
What ACE inhibitors drugs are used?
Benazepril | Enalapril
31
What is a positive ionotropes?
Increases the contraction of the heart. May cause increased oxygen consumption and arrhythmia in a weakened heart.
32
Name 3 positive ionotropes examples.
- Catecholamines - Inodilators - Cardiac Glycosides
33
What drug is a Catecholamines type?
- Adrenaline
34
What receptor does catecholamines act on?
Adrenoreceptors. | Beta 1 adrenoreceptors on the heart and increases HR (SA and AV nodes) and increased force of contraction.
35
When is adrenaline used and the side effects?
Used for patients having cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis, emergency bronchodilation. Potential to cause severe arrhythmia.
36
What is Dobutamine drug and side effects?
Improves cardiac contractility with less of a potential cause arrythmias
37
What are Inodilators?
= Positive ionotrope and vasodilators. | Inhibits phosphodeisterace causing vasodilation and increased contractility.
38
When do we not use Inodilators?
Calcium channel blockers.
39
What is Cardiac glycosides and which drugs are used?
Inhibits Na/K ATP-ase pump altering electrolyte balance. Increases Ca and Na therefore lowering resting potential -> increasing contractility - Digoxin (On an ECG - There is a dip before the T waves) As it is mixing with the Na and Ca levels
40
What negative effect does the Cardiac gylcosides?
Stimulates the vagus nerve centrally. Slows the depolarisation of SA node and conduction at AV node. - Controls HR in arterial fibrillation and sinus tachycardia.
41
What drugs are used for Tachyarrythmias?
- Digoxin - Beta Blockers - Ca Channel Blockers - Na Channel Blockers
42
What drugs are used for Bradyarrythmias?
Propranolol, Atenolol
43
What receptors do Beta Blockers used?
Adrenoreceptor antagonists
44
What occurs when Beta Blockers are used?
Block sympathetic stimulation of the heart allowing the parasympathetic system to dominate.
45
What do Beta Blockers lead to?
Leading to reduced HR (gallop rhythms in hyperthyroid cats)
46
What does the Propanolol do?
Blocks the Beta-2 receptors in respiratory tract -> bronchoconstriction avoid in cats.
47
What drug is used for Ca Channel Blockers?
Diltiazem - Hypercard
48
How is Ca channel blockers used?
Blocks entry of Ca into the cell. - Decreases strength of contraction and HR - Vasodilation - care: hypotension.
49
Why is Ca channel blockers useful in cats?
Useful in cats with HCM (Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy). - Reduced HR - Improved diastolic filling
50
What drugs are used for Na Channel Blockers?
- Lidocaine | - Procainamide
51
What are the side effect of Na Channel Blockers?
- Reduced contractility - Reduced Cardiac output - Cardiac standstill - Neurological: Depression, muscle tremors, convulsions - Nausea and V+
52
What drugs are used in Antimuscarinics?
- Atropine | - Glycopyrrolate
53
When is this Antimuscarinics used?
To treat bradyarrhythmias due to high vagal tone
54
What are Anti-thrombotics used for?
- Reduced platelet function and aggregation - Aspirin - Clopidogrel 'Studies have shown that this is more effective than low dose aspirin'
55
Name 5 types of Respiratory Drugs?
- Bronchodilators - Antitussives - Mucolytics/Expectorants - Decongestants - Respiratory Stimulants
56
What is Bronchodilators?
- Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system. - Histamine release in airway inflammation - Beta Blockers e.g. propranolol
57
What causes Bronchospasms?
Dilate Bronchi and Bronchioles
58
What is Theobromine Poisoning|?
- Slow liver metabolisms of these drugs in dogs. | CHOCOLATE
59
What are the symptoms of Theobromine poisoning?
Tachycardia, excitement, tremors, Arrhythmias, V+
60
What are Antitissives and where do they act?
``` Opiates e.g. butorphanol, codeine. Centrally acting (medulla) - Kidneys. ```
61
What are the negative side effects of Antitissives?
- Nausea, Sedation, Mucus retention in productive coughs.
62
What are Mucolytics?
Make mucus more fluid like and improves clearance. | May improve antibiotic penetration.
63
What are Expectorants?
They increase respiratory tract secretions to increase fluid component of secretions. - e.g. saline, eucalyptus oil
64
What drug is for respiratory stimulants?
Doxapram Hydrocholride, stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors
65
What are the indications of respiratory stimulants?
- neonatal asyphixia - drug induced depression - hypercapnea with respiratory disease.

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Drugs (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions