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cell biology y1 > cardiovascular and nervous systems > Flashcards

cardiovascular and nervous systems Flashcards

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1
Q

where is the heart found

A

mediastinum

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2
Q

what is the heart enclosed in

A

the pericardium which is like a sac of fluid which prevents overstretching

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3
Q

what are the three layers of the heart wall

A

epicardium - where the pericardium adheres to
myocardium- cardiac muscle found
endocardium - smooth layer so less resistance to blood

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4
Q

what are 4 roles of the valves

A

initiate cardiac excitation
conduct action potential along ventricle
strengthen cardiac contractions
ensure single direction of blood flow

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5
Q

what are two problems to do with the valves

A

stenosis- valve wont open properly so heart has to pump harder
regurgitation- wont close properly so blood leaks backwards

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6
Q

what causes the heart to beat

A

SA node generated action potential at autorhythmic fibres which constantly fire (no resting potential)
Conducted by av node which slows it down
bundle of His is the only place where action potential travels down
action potential is conducted by purknje fibres up to semi lunar valves

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7
Q

how might fluid be lost from the circulatory system

A

leaked out from the circulatory system as lymph and picked up by lymphatic system

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8
Q

what is the circulatory systems main roled

A

carry blood
exchange of gasses
transport of other substances
regulate blood pressure
direct blood flow for homeostasis

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9
Q

what are the three layers of a blood vessel and what are they made of

A

Tunica interna - thin layer which continues from basement membrane
Tunica media - smooth muscle and elastic fibres which changes size the most
tunica externa- made up of elastin and collagen and nerves which anchor the vessel to surrounding tissue

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10
Q

what are the two types of artery

A

elastic- carry blood from heart initially with larger diameter
muscular- distribute blood

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11
Q

what is the structure of an arteriole like

A

thin tunica interna with fenestrated elastic lamina
tunica media is made of 2 layers of smooth muscle

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12
Q

what is the terminal end of an arteriole called

A

metarteriole
junction is called precapillary sphincter

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13
Q

types of capillary

A

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoids

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14
Q

structure of venules

A

thin walls allows stretching to allow increase in volume up to 360%

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15
Q

structure of veins

A

think tunica externa with collagen and elastic fibres
tunica interna folds inwards

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16
Q

what is vasomotion

A

the contraction and relaxing of smooth muscle to move blood along the metarterioles and sphincters

17
Q

what are the receptors of cardiovascular system

A

proprireceptors - joint movement
baroreceptors
chemoreceptors

18
Q

what are the three functions of the nervous system

A

detecting stimuli
interpreting stimuli
initiating response

19
Q

what are the three parts of a neurone and what they do

A

cell body- contains organelles
dendrites- receive signals from other neurones
axon- transmits signal to end of neurone

20
Q

what is a bundle of neurones called

A

a nerve

21
Q

what cell insulates the neurones and with what

A

scwann cells, produce myelin

22
Q

how is the ion concentration gradient maintained

A

sodium potassium pump which pumps out 3 Na for every 2 K in

23
Q

outline how a neurone transmits a signal across a synapse

A

depolarisation of presynaptic terminal causes ca ion channels to open, ca 2+ moves in and causes vesicles to fuse with membrane to secrete neurotransmitter
this binds to a receptor

24
Q

define action potential

A

a sequence of rapidly occurring events which results in depolarisation and then repolarisation

25
Q

how is the vertebrate brain regionally organised

A

forebrain - olfactory bulb and cerebrum- smell and sleep
midbrain- routing sensory input to appropriate area
hindbrain- cerebellum - involuntary activities

26
Q

what does the human brain form out of

A

the neural tube

27
Q

what is the cerebrum responsible for

A

contains the cerebral cortex
language
cognition
memory
awareness

28
Q

how is cerebrum regionally specialised

A

cognitive functions in cortex and outer layer of cerebrum

29
Q

how is a stimuli dealt with

A

input to hypothalamus where it is organised into sensory areas. prefrontal cortex plans movement
cerebral cortex generates motor command where the cerebrum controls the skeletal muscle

30
Q

what are the main functions of the brain stem

A

signal from brain for movement
sends information to brain
and a reflex response

cell biology y1 (4 decks)

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