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NURS123 > Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems Flashcards

1
Q

What protects cardiovascular system

A

Ribs and sternum

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2
Q
A

myocardial must be perfused with O2 and nutrients

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3
Q

Two reasons fro heart attack

A

Blood clot
Circumflux

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4
Q

How many main coronary arteries

A

3

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5
Q

Ischemia

A

No O2 or nutrients given to one part of the heart

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6
Q

Major two blood vessels of the neck

A

Carotid artery

Jugular veins

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7
Q

Carotid Artery

A

(right and left) = located in the groove between the trachea and sternomastoid muscle. Supplies oxygenated blood to the brain.

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8
Q

Jugular Veins

A

(internal – deep, medial to sternomastoid muscle; external – superficial, lateral to sternomastoid muscle) = empties deoxygenated blood from brain directly into superior vena cava. Gives important information about the right side of the heart (filling pressure and volume changes).

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9
Q

Treatment for septic paitents

A

Access in internal jugular vein

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10
Q

Angina

A

chest pain from the heart; may have an order for nitroglycerin spray if known cardiac disease. Otherwise, apply oxygen, assist to maximize respiratory function, place on full monitors, and alert most responsible provider (MRP).

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11
Q

Atypical symptoms of myocardial infarction

A

arm pain, nausea, jaw or throat pain, weakness, fatigue, and dizziness.

Since these may be attributed to other causes, theses symptoms are often disregarded by individuals. Women may express pain differently and may be at risk of death from heart attack due to delayed treatment.

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12
Q

Important subjective data related to the cardiovascular system

A

Current, past, and family health history important subjective data.

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13
Q

Organs related to lymph system

A

related organs that help filter blood and fluid in the body: spleen, tonsils, thymus gland.

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14
Q

ROle of otonsils

A

Fight ingections locallly in mouth and throat

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15
Q

Thymus Gland

A

Behind sternum
Develops T-lymphocytes in children, no function in adults

(T-lymphocytes made in bone marrow)

Spleen destroys old RBCs, produces antibodies, stores RBCs, filters microorganisms

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16
Q

DVT

A

Deep vein thrombosis
- Blood pooling in lower legs - medical emergency

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17
Q

Can cardiac tissue be regenerated?

A

No

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18
Q

3 Main coronary arterires

A

L and R arteries

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19
Q

3 Protective layers of heart

A

Pericardium: Tough fibrous, double walled
Myocardium: Muscular wall: Requires nutrient and O2 (Pumps)
Endocardiuml: Thin layer lining inner surface of chambers and valves

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20
Q

What is the problem when endocardial layer is inflamed

A

Less space for blood therefore output is less

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21
Q

Myocardial inflammation affects

A

The heart pumps

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22
Q

Pericarditis

A
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23
Q

Two important blood vessesl giving S2 sounds

A

Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary semilunar valve

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24
Q

4 Major heart valves

A

AV valves : Tricuspid and bicuspid
Bw R atrium and R ventricle tricuspid
Bw L atrium and L venrical is bicuspid (mitral) valve

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25
How do the phase of heart pumping occur?
One cardiac cycle consists of the heart filling with deoxygenated blood and pumping out oxygenated blood to the organs and tissues of the body.
26
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
(tricuspid and mitral/bicuspid) are between the atriums and ventricles.
27
Semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic)
are between the ventricles and pulmonary arteries, pumping blood to lungs.
28
Diastole
the heart filling phase when AV valves are open, allowing ventricles to fill with blood.
29
Systole
the heart pumping phase when AV valves close, allowing ventricles to push out blood.
30
Sepsis
Systemic infection Microorganisms Treated by Antibiotics Fluid therapy
31
Blood vessesl of the neck
Carotid artery and jugular veins
32
Carotid artery
(right and left) = located in the groove between the trachea and sternomastoid muscle. Supplies oxygenated blood to the brain.
33
Jugular veins
(internal – deep, medial to sternomastoid muscle; external – superficial, lateral to sternomastoid muscle) = empties deoxygenated blood from brain directly into superior vena cava. Gives important information about the right side of the heart (filling pressure and volume changes).
34
What would a nurse do if a paitinet had Sudden onset chest pain or tightness and SOB
is a medical emergency and nurses must intervene immediately Bloodwork Order ECG Order chest Xray
35
CWMS
Inspection of integ system indicative of heart function Inspect colour, warmth, sensation, movement
36
Why is blood pressure important?
(an indication of the functioning of the heart – how efficiently it is doing it’s work of delivering oxygenated blood to the organs and tissues). 3
37
Angina
chest pain from the heart; may have an order for nitroglycerin spray if known cardiac disease. Otherwise, apply oxygen, assist to maximize respiratory function, place on full monitors, and alert most responsible provider (MRP).
38
Bruit
(blowing, swishing sound). Abnormal that WOULD be heard from the carotid artery
39
What does the jugu.ar vein give information on
Jugular veins give us information about the right side of the heart (filling pressure and volume changes – preload). And this becomes important in the treatment of conditions such as Congestive Heart Failure (we will discuss this more in depth)
40
Where is apical pulse most often found
mid-clavicular line, 5th intercostal space
41
Heart sounds
S2 - Aortic Valve closure - ‘right side of the sternum S2- Pulmonic Valve closure – ‘left side of the sternum S3 – Erb’s point [An extra heart sound, left side of the sternum, below the base of the heart S1 – Tricuspid Valve closure – left lower sternal border S1- Bicuspid/Mitral Valve closure – Apex of the heart- mid clavicular at 5th intercoastal space S4 -An extra heart sound – closer to the apex, related to mitral valve stenosis
42
How are the carotid arteries assessed
Inspect bilaterally Palpate (one at a time) Grade Auscultate for pulse, then for bruits
43
Veins characteristics
Thin stretchable walls Larger compared to arteries Do not pulsate normally Superficial
44
Where is the "lub" sound heard
S1 when the ventricles contract
45
What is the "dub" sound heard
S2 Closing of aortic and pulmonary valves When ventricles relax
46
Abnormal cardiac findings
Pulse differences hear murmurs Orthostaic hypotnesion Getting dizzy when standing up, blurry vision,
47
Who is at risk for congetive heart failure1
Patients with chronic kidney disease
48
What is an average speed of blood pumped
4-6L per minute
49
How can cardiac output be calculated
HR x Stroke volume
50
Preload
AMount of blood in R atrium that fills during diastol
51
Afterload
Resistance which ventricle smust over come to pump out the blood
52
Data indicitave of cardiac problems
Subjective Data Leg cramps Skin changes Sores or lesions in arms and legs Objective data Lack of hair no legs Varicose veins Unilateral (High chance of developing deep vein thrombosis) or bilateral edema Wounds and stage of healing process
53
What is the skeletal cardiac pump
When walking, calf muscle squeezes and sends blood back to heart When laying down, stasis occurs and blood can clot
54
What is considered a significant change in cardiac output
drop in systolic BP over 20 mm Hg on any reading OR an increase in HR of 20 bpm or more
55
Claudication distance
how many blocks one can walk or stairs one can climb before experiencing calf pain.
56
4 main types of lymph nodes
1.Cervical – drains fluid from head and neck. 2.Axillary – drains fluid from breast and upper arms. 3.Epitrochlear – drains fluid from hands and lower arms. 4.Inguinal – drains fluid from lower extremities, genitalia, and lower abdomen.
57
Relevant lymph organs
spleen, tonsils, thymus gland
58
Purpose of tonsils
fight infections locally (mouth and throat)
59
Purpose of thymus gland
develops T-lymphocytes in children, no function in adults (in adults, the T-lymphocytes are made in the bone marrow)
60
Function of spleen
destroys old RBCs, produces antibodies, stores RBCs, filters microorganisms
61
Role of lymph system
1.Conserve fluid and plasma proteins that leak out of blood vessels into interstitial spaces. 2.Form part of the immune system by filtering micro-organisms out of circulation. 3.Absorb liquid from intestinal tract.
62
Pitting edema
Veins not carrying blood ack to heart - resulting in swelling Grading system from 1-4, miild to very deep depending on palpation reverting to normal
63
Causes of edema
Heart faliure, liver disease, kidney disease, venous or lymph insufficiency
64
Why is DVT a medical emergency
clots may travel to the heart and lungs causing blockage and lead to ischemia of affected limb.
65
Peripheral Artery Disease
condition usually develops slowly over time, but may still cause ischemia or death, if is left untreated. Usual treatment option for PAD [Peripheral Artery Disease] is a vascular surgery.

NURS123 (13 decks)

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