Cardiovascular Anatomy Pre-Practical 1 Flashcards by Jessica Eze | Brainscape

Q

What is the mediastinum subdivided into

A

Superior

Inferior

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Q

What is the inferior mediastinum further divided into

A

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

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Q

What bone forms the anterior border of the superior mediastinum

A

Manubrium

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Q

Which vertebrae form the posterior border of the superior mediastinum

A

T1-T4

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Q

What plane separates the superior from the inferior mediastinum

A

Transverse thoracic plane

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Q

Thymus is found in

A

Superior

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Q

Heart, Pericardium and Great vessels are found in

A

Inferior (middle mediastinum)

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Q

Descending Aorta is found in

A

Inferior (Posterior mediastinum)

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Q

Oesophagus is found in

A

Inferior (Posterior mediastinum)

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Q

Thoracic Duct is located in

A

Inferior (Posterior mediastinum)

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Q

Azygous vein is located in

A

Inferior (Posterior mediastinum)

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Q

Sympathetic chain is located in

A

Inferior (Posterior mediastinum)

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Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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Q

Layers of the pericardium

A

Superficial fibrous pericardium
Intermediate parietal pericardium
Deep visceral pericardium

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Q

The pericardial cavity lies between which 2 layers

A

Parietal and Visceral

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Q

An inner endocardium is composed of a single layer of

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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Q

A middle myocardium is composed of many layers of

A

Cardiac muscle

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Q

An outer epicardium is composed of a single layer of

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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Q

Which layers belongs simultaneously to the heart wall and the serous pericardium

A

Visceral Layer

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Q

Which layer of the serous pericardium is inseparably attached to the inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium

A

Parietal layer

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Q

Which protective role is fulfilled by the fibrous pericardium

A

Protects the heart against sudden overfilling

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Q

What nerves do the visceral pericardium receive autonomic innervation from

A

T1-T4 and vagus via the cardiac plexus

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Q

What is the parietal and fibrous layers innervated by

A

Phrenic nerve

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Q

Which layers of the pericardium are innervated by pain fibres (C3-C5)

A

Parietal and Fibrous

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Q

Where is the left atrium situated

A

Posterior

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Q

What role do the auricles have in the adult

A

Increases the capacity of the atrium

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Q

The left atrium lies anterior to which structure

A

The oesophagus

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Q

Which chambers forms the apex

A

Left ventricle

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Q

Which chamber forms the base

A

Left atrium

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Q

In the right lateral view of the opened right atrium what would you see (7)

A

Auricle
Pectinate muscle
Cristae terminalis
Tricuspid  valve
Fossa ovalis
Opening for coronary sinus
Opening for SVC and IVC

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Q

Fossa ovalis is a remnant of the foramen ovale in the foetus. What function did the latter perform

A

Shunt oxygenated blood from right to left atrium that came from the umbilical vein via the IVC to bypass pulmonary circulation

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Q

Where is the moderator band (septomarginal trabeculum)

A

Connects interventricular septum with the anterior wall of the right ventricle

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Q

What is the function of the moderator band (septomarginal trabeculum)

A

Carries part of the right bundle branches of the AV bundle at the conducting system of the heart to the anterior papillary muscle

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Q

What ventricle is the thickest and by how much

A

Left ventricle

2-3 times

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Q

How many cusps make up the tricuspid valve and how many papillary muscles are found in the right ventricle

A

3

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Q

Which valve guards the entry from the left atrium to the left ventricle

A

Mitral valve (bicuspid)

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Q

How many cusps are present in the mitral valve

A

2

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Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles

A

Support valves by allowing the cusps to resist pressure

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Q

What is the function of the Chordae tendineae

A

Prevent the cusps from being forced into the atrium

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Q

Where do the coronary veins drain into

A

Coronary sinus

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Q

What is the coronary sinus

A

A wide venous channel on the posterior surface of the heart that feeds into the right atrium

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Q

Where do the coronary arteries and cardiac veins lie together

A

atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus and the interventricular sulci (groove)

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Q

Coronary Arteries (7)

A

Arch of aorta
Right coronary artery
Right Marginal branch
Right posterior IV artery
Left coronary artery
Circumflex of left coronary artery
Anterior IV branch of left coronary artery

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Q

Coronary Veins (6)

A

Great cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
Anterior cardiac veins
Coronary sinus
Middle cardiac vein
Oblique vein of left atrium

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Q

From which part of the aorta do the coronary arteries arise

A

Aortic sinus

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Q

Which pair of coronary arteries anastomose in the coronary sulcus

A

RCA and circumflex (LCA)

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Q

Which pair of coronary arteries anastomose in the interventricular sulcus

A

LCA and RCA (septal branches)

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Q

The great cardiac vein lies alongside the______in the anterior interventricular groove (LCA)

A

interventricular artery

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Q

The middle cardiac vein lies alongside the______in the posterior interventricular groove

A

interventricular artery

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Q

The small cardiac vein lies alongside the ______ on the posterior surface of the heart

A

Atrioventricular sulcus

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Q

The coronary sinus lies alongside the circumflex artery in the _____ on the posterior surface of the heart

A

Atrioventricular sulcus (coronary)

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Q

The cardiac veins drain directly into the

A

Right Atrium

Q

What are the venae cordis minimae

A

small veins which drain the heart wall directly into each chamber of the heart

Q

Beginning and termination of the aortic arch occurs at vertebral level

A

T4

Q

Bifurcation of the abdominal aorta

A

L4

Q

Bifurcation of the common iliac arteries

A

L5

Q

Dilated aortic root

A

Can go from 3.5cm to 4.5cm

Q

Branches of the aortic arch (anterior to posterior)

A

Brachiocephalic
Left common carotid
Left subclavian

Q

Which chest wall arteries arise from descending thoracic aorta (5)

A

Bronchial
Pericardial
Posterior intercostals
Superior phrenic
Oesophageal

Q

Which chest wall arteries arise from internal thoracic (mammary artery

A

Anterior intercostals

Q

Which artery gives origin to the internal thoracic artery

A

Subclavian artery

Q

Branches of the internal thoracic veins (3)

A

supply the fibrous pericardium, parietal pleural and diaphragm

Q

Arteries arise from the abdominal aorta to supply the (5)

A

Diaphragm
Adrenals
Kidneys
Gonads
Gut Tube

Q

Common iliac arteries arise at vertebral level ___ and lie in the

A

L4

Iliac Fossa

Q

External iliac arteries arise at vertebral level___ and become the

A

L5-S1

Femoral arteries

Q

Internal iliac arteries arise at vertebral level____ and supply

A

L5-S1

Pelvic viscera

Q

The branches of veins are called

A

Tributaries

Q

The internal thoracic (mammary vein) drains

A

the anterior intercostal veins to the L and R brachiocephalic veins

Q

Tributaries of the SVC

A

Left and Right Brachiocephalic veins

Azygous vein

Q

Tributaries of the IVC

A

Left and Right common iliac veins

Q

Right side and Left side of the posterior mediastinum

A

Azygous

Hemiazygous

Q

Purpose of azygous vein

A

Drains blood from the posterior intercostal veins into the SVC

Q

Which chest wall veins are drained by the azygous and hemiazygous

A

Posterior intercostal veins and thoracoabdominal

Q

Arteries of the upper limb (5)

A

Subclavia
Axillary
Brachial
Radial
Ulnar

Q

At which bony point does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery

A

Lateral border of the 1st rib

Q

In which area of the upper limb does the brachial artery branch into the radial and ulnar artery

A

Cubital Fossa

Q

Of the radial and ulnar artery which is the more superficial of the two

A

Radial

Q

Lower limb arteries (7)

A

External iliac
Deep and superficial femoral
Popliteal
Anterior and Posterior Tibial
Dorsalis Pedis

Q

The femoral artery is a distal continuation of which artery

A

External Iliac artery

Q

Where does the popliteal artery branch into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries

A

Inferior border of the popliteus

Q

The dorsalis pedis is a continuation of

A

The anterior tibial artery on the dorsum of the foot

Q

The posterior tibial artery enters the sole of the foot inferior to which malleolus of the ankle

A

Left

Q

Into which major vein does the great saphenous vein drain into

A

Femoral

Q

Into which major vein does the small saphenous vein drain into

A

Popliteal

Q

Where is the thoracic duct loacted

A

Vertebral bodies between the azygous vein and the descending aorta

Q

Where does the thoracic duct commence

A

L1 at the cisterna chyli

Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain into

A

Left subclavian vein crossing from right to left at T4

Q

What are the parietal lymph of the thorax (3)

A

Parasternal
Phrenic
Intercostal

Q

Where are parasternal nodes located

A

situated along the internal thoracic artery and receive lymphatics from the breast, intercostal spaces, the costal pleura and the diaphragm

Q

Where is the phrenic nodes located

A

situated on the thoracic surface of the diaphragm

Receive lymphatics from pericardium, diaphragm and liver and drain into parasternal nodes

Q

Where are the intercostal nodes located

A

Found at the vertebral end of the intercostal spaces

Q

Lymphatic drainage of heart and lungs

A

Tracheobronchial

Bronchopulmonary

Q

Sensory and pain fibres travel back from the heart to what spinal cord levels

A

T1-T4 in the sympathetic nerves

Q

Modified cardiac muscle cells that spontaneously generate electrical impulses

A

Purkinje fibres

Q

Where is the SA node loacted

A

Right atrium, beneath opening of SVC

Q

Where is the AV node located

A

Lies in the inferior part of the interatrial septum

Q

The atrioventricular bundle (of His)

A

Lies on each side of the interventricular septum

Q

Vertebral position of the heart

A

T5-T8 in front of the oesophagus

Q

Surface marking for apex of the heart

A

5th left intercostal space, midclavicular line

Q

Right border of the heart- chamber

A

Righ atrium

Q

Left border of the heart- chamber

A

Left ventricle

Q

Inferior border of the heart-chamber

A

Right and Left ventricle

Q

Superior border of the heart-chamber

A

Right atrium

Q

Anterior/sternocostal- chamber

A

Right ventricle
Right atrium
Left ventricle

Q

Posterior/base chamber

A

Left atrium

Q

Inferior/diaphragmatic-chamber

A

Right ventricle

Q

Posterior to which bone is the heart situated

A

Sternum

Q

Anterior to which 4 vertebrae is the heart situated

A

T5-T8

Q

Upon what structure does the inferior surface of the heart lie

A

Diaphragm

Q

Pulmonary valve is located

A

2nd left space parasternally

Q

Aortic valve is located

A

2nd right space parasternally

Q

Mitral valve is loctaed

A

5th left space, mid clavicular (apex)

Q

Tricuspid valve is located

A

over lower sternum or just to the right if it

Q

Elastic Artery

A

Tunica Intima
Tunica media- high volume of elastin and few smooth muscle
Tunica adventitia- contains sall vasa vasorum and elastin

Q

Muscular Artery

A

Thin elastic fibres between tunica initima and tunica media
Thick tunica media with high volume of smooth muscle cells
No external elastin in tunica adventitia

Q

Examples of elastic artery (3)

A

Carotid
Aorta
Pulmonary

Q

Examples of muscular (1)

A

Radial arteries

Q

Main contents of the superior mediastinum (7)

A

Thymus
Brachiocephalic, SVC
Trachea
Oesophagus
Thoracic duct
Arch of aorta

Q

Anterior Mediastinum contains (3)

A

Thymus
Lymph nodes
Fat

Q

Posterior Mediastinum (7)

A

Oesophagus n.
Vagus n.
Azygous v.
Sympathetic trunk
Thoracic duct
Descending aorta
Splanchnic n.

Q

Epicardial is composed of

A

Endothelial cells and thin layer of fat and connective tissue

Q

Right ventricle features (5)

A

Tricuspid valves
Trabeculae carnaeae
Moderator band
Opening for pulmonary trunk
Interventricular septum

Q

Right atrium features (5)

A

Opening for IVC and SVC
Interatrial septum
Fossa ovalis in IA septum
Musculi pectinati 
Tricuspid valve

Q

Left atrium features (5)

A

Openings for superior and inferior pulmonary veins
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Smooth wall chamber
Base of heart

Q

Left ventricle features (5)

A

Bicuspid valve
Chrodae tendineae
Trabeculae carneae 
Opening for aorta
Interventricular septum
Forms apex of heart

Q

Where do superficial veins arise from

A

Dorsal venous arch on the back of the hand

Q

Cephalic vein travels up the limb on the ____side and drains into the _____

A

Lateral side

Axillary vein below clavicle

Q

Basilic vein travels up limb on ___ side and becomes continuous with_____

A

medial

brachial

Q

Medial cubital connects ____ and ___ across___

A

Cdephalic and basilic

Cubital fossa