Cardiovascular Anatomy Pre-Practical 1 Flashcards
What is the mediastinum subdivided into
Superior
Inferior
What is the inferior mediastinum further divided into
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
What bone forms the anterior border of the superior mediastinum
Manubrium
Which vertebrae form the posterior border of the superior mediastinum
T1-T4
What plane separates the superior from the inferior mediastinum
Transverse thoracic plane
Thymus is found in
Superior
Heart, Pericardium and Great vessels are found in
Inferior (middle mediastinum)
Descending Aorta is found in
Inferior (Posterior mediastinum)
Oesophagus is found in
Inferior (Posterior mediastinum)
Thoracic Duct is located in
Inferior (Posterior mediastinum)
Azygous vein is located in
Inferior (Posterior mediastinum)
Sympathetic chain is located in
Inferior (Posterior mediastinum)
What are the 3 layers of the heart wall
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Layers of the pericardium
Superficial fibrous pericardium
Intermediate parietal pericardium
Deep visceral pericardium
The pericardial cavity lies between which 2 layers
Parietal and Visceral
An inner endocardium is composed of a single layer of
Simple squamous epithelium
A middle myocardium is composed of many layers of
Cardiac muscle
An outer epicardium is composed of a single layer of
Simple squamous epithelium
Which layers belongs simultaneously to the heart wall and the serous pericardium
Visceral Layer
Which layer of the serous pericardium is inseparably attached to the inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer
Which protective role is fulfilled by the fibrous pericardium
Protects the heart against sudden overfilling
What nerves do the visceral pericardium receive autonomic innervation from
T1-T4 and vagus via the cardiac plexus
What is the parietal and fibrous layers innervated by
Phrenic nerve
Which layers of the pericardium are innervated by pain fibres (C3-C5)
Parietal and Fibrous
Where is the left atrium situated
Posterior
What role do the auricles have in the adult
Increases the capacity of the atrium
The left atrium lies anterior to which structure
The oesophagus
Which chambers forms the apex
Left ventricle
Which chamber forms the base
Left atrium
In the right lateral view of the opened right atrium what would you see (7)
Auricle Pectinate muscle Cristae terminalis Tricuspid valve Fossa ovalis Opening for coronary sinus Opening for SVC and IVC
Fossa ovalis is a remnant of the foramen ovale in the foetus. What function did the latter perform
Shunt oxygenated blood from right to left atrium that came from the umbilical vein via the IVC to bypass pulmonary circulation
Where is the moderator band (septomarginal trabeculum)
Connects interventricular septum with the anterior wall of the right ventricle
What is the function of the moderator band (septomarginal trabeculum)
Carries part of the right bundle branches of the AV bundle at the conducting system of the heart to the anterior papillary muscle
What ventricle is the thickest and by how much
Left ventricle
2-3 times
How many cusps make up the tricuspid valve and how many papillary muscles are found in the right ventricle
3
Which valve guards the entry from the left atrium to the left ventricle
Mitral valve (bicuspid)
How many cusps are present in the mitral valve
2
What is the function of the papillary muscles
Support valves by allowing the cusps to resist pressure
What is the function of the Chordae tendineae
Prevent the cusps from being forced into the atrium
Where do the coronary veins drain into
Coronary sinus
What is the coronary sinus
A wide venous channel on the posterior surface of the heart that feeds into the right atrium
Where do the coronary arteries and cardiac veins lie together
atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus and the interventricular sulci (groove)
Coronary Arteries (7)
Arch of aorta Right coronary artery Right Marginal branch Right posterior IV artery Left coronary artery Circumflex of left coronary artery Anterior IV branch of left coronary artery
Coronary Veins (6)
Great cardiac vein Small cardiac vein Anterior cardiac veins Coronary sinus Middle cardiac vein Oblique vein of left atrium
From which part of the aorta do the coronary arteries arise
Aortic sinus
Which pair of coronary arteries anastomose in the coronary sulcus
RCA and circumflex (LCA)
Which pair of coronary arteries anastomose in the interventricular sulcus
LCA and RCA (septal branches)
The great cardiac vein lies alongside the______in the anterior interventricular groove (LCA)
interventricular artery
The middle cardiac vein lies alongside the______in the posterior interventricular groove
interventricular artery
The small cardiac vein lies alongside the ______ on the posterior surface of the heart
Atrioventricular sulcus
The coronary sinus lies alongside the circumflex artery in the _____ on the posterior surface of the heart
Atrioventricular sulcus (coronary)
The cardiac veins drain directly into the
Right Atrium
What are the venae cordis minimae
small veins which drain the heart wall directly into each chamber of the heart
Beginning and termination of the aortic arch occurs at vertebral level
T4
Bifurcation of the abdominal aorta
L4
Bifurcation of the common iliac arteries
L5
Dilated aortic root
Can go from 3.5cm to 4.5cm
Branches of the aortic arch (anterior to posterior)
Brachiocephalic
Left common carotid
Left subclavian
Which chest wall arteries arise from descending thoracic aorta (5)
Bronchial Pericardial Posterior intercostals Superior phrenic Oesophageal
Which chest wall arteries arise from internal thoracic (mammary artery
Anterior intercostals
Which artery gives origin to the internal thoracic artery
Subclavian artery
Branches of the internal thoracic veins (3)
supply the fibrous pericardium, parietal pleural and diaphragm
Arteries arise from the abdominal aorta to supply the (5)
Diaphragm Adrenals Kidneys Gonads Gut Tube
Common iliac arteries arise at vertebral level ___ and lie in the
L4
Iliac Fossa
External iliac arteries arise at vertebral level___ and become the
L5-S1
Femoral arteries
Internal iliac arteries arise at vertebral level____ and supply
L5-S1
Pelvic viscera
The branches of veins are called
Tributaries
The internal thoracic (mammary vein) drains
the anterior intercostal veins to the L and R brachiocephalic veins
Tributaries of the SVC
Left and Right Brachiocephalic veins
Azygous vein
Tributaries of the IVC
Left and Right common iliac veins
Right side and Left side of the posterior mediastinum
Azygous
Hemiazygous
Purpose of azygous vein
Drains blood from the posterior intercostal veins into the SVC
Which chest wall veins are drained by the azygous and hemiazygous
Posterior intercostal veins and thoracoabdominal
Arteries of the upper limb (5)
Subclavia Axillary Brachial Radial Ulnar
At which bony point does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery
Lateral border of the 1st rib
In which area of the upper limb does the brachial artery branch into the radial and ulnar artery
Cubital Fossa
Of the radial and ulnar artery which is the more superficial of the two
Radial
Lower limb arteries (7)
External iliac Deep and superficial femoral Popliteal Anterior and Posterior Tibial Dorsalis Pedis
The femoral artery is a distal continuation of which artery
External Iliac artery
Where does the popliteal artery branch into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries
Inferior border of the popliteus
The dorsalis pedis is a continuation of
The anterior tibial artery on the dorsum of the foot
The posterior tibial artery enters the sole of the foot inferior to which malleolus of the ankle
Left
Into which major vein does the great saphenous vein drain into
Femoral
Into which major vein does the small saphenous vein drain into
Popliteal
Where is the thoracic duct loacted
Vertebral bodies between the azygous vein and the descending aorta
Where does the thoracic duct commence
L1 at the cisterna chyli
Where does the thoracic duct drain into
Left subclavian vein crossing from right to left at T4
What are the parietal lymph of the thorax (3)
Parasternal
Phrenic
Intercostal
Where are parasternal nodes located
situated along the internal thoracic artery and receive lymphatics from the breast, intercostal spaces, the costal pleura and the diaphragm
Where is the phrenic nodes located
situated on the thoracic surface of the diaphragm
Receive lymphatics from pericardium, diaphragm and liver and drain into parasternal nodes
Where are the intercostal nodes located
Found at the vertebral end of the intercostal spaces
Lymphatic drainage of heart and lungs
Tracheobronchial
Bronchopulmonary
Sensory and pain fibres travel back from the heart to what spinal cord levels
T1-T4 in the sympathetic nerves
Modified cardiac muscle cells that spontaneously generate electrical impulses
Purkinje fibres
Where is the SA node loacted
Right atrium, beneath opening of SVC
Where is the AV node located
Lies in the inferior part of the interatrial septum
The atrioventricular bundle (of His)
Lies on each side of the interventricular septum
Vertebral position of the heart
T5-T8 in front of the oesophagus
Surface marking for apex of the heart
5th left intercostal space, midclavicular line
Right border of the heart- chamber
Righ atrium
Left border of the heart- chamber
Left ventricle
Inferior border of the heart-chamber
Right and Left ventricle
Superior border of the heart-chamber
Right atrium
Anterior/sternocostal- chamber
Right ventricle
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Posterior/base chamber
Left atrium
Inferior/diaphragmatic-chamber
Right ventricle
Posterior to which bone is the heart situated
Sternum
Anterior to which 4 vertebrae is the heart situated
T5-T8
Upon what structure does the inferior surface of the heart lie
Diaphragm
Pulmonary valve is located
2nd left space parasternally
Aortic valve is located
2nd right space parasternally
Mitral valve is loctaed
5th left space, mid clavicular (apex)
Tricuspid valve is located
over lower sternum or just to the right if it
Elastic Artery
Tunica Intima
Tunica media- high volume of elastin and few smooth muscle
Tunica adventitia- contains sall vasa vasorum and elastin
Muscular Artery
Thin elastic fibres between tunica initima and tunica media
Thick tunica media with high volume of smooth muscle cells
No external elastin in tunica adventitia
Examples of elastic artery (3)
Carotid
Aorta
Pulmonary
Examples of muscular (1)
Radial arteries
Main contents of the superior mediastinum (7)
Thymus Brachiocephalic, SVC Trachea Oesophagus Thoracic duct Arch of aorta
Anterior Mediastinum contains (3)
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Fat
Posterior Mediastinum (7)
Oesophagus n. Vagus n. Azygous v. Sympathetic trunk Thoracic duct Descending aorta Splanchnic n.
Epicardial is composed of
Endothelial cells and thin layer of fat and connective tissue
Right ventricle features (5)
Tricuspid valves Trabeculae carnaeae Moderator band Opening for pulmonary trunk Interventricular septum
Right atrium features (5)
Opening for IVC and SVC Interatrial septum Fossa ovalis in IA septum Musculi pectinati Tricuspid valve
Left atrium features (5)
Openings for superior and inferior pulmonary veins
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Smooth wall chamber
Base of heart
Left ventricle features (5)
Bicuspid valve Chrodae tendineae Trabeculae carneae Opening for aorta Interventricular septum Forms apex of heart
Where do superficial veins arise from
Dorsal venous arch on the back of the hand
Cephalic vein travels up the limb on the ____side and drains into the _____
Lateral side
Axillary vein below clavicle
Basilic vein travels up limb on ___ side and becomes continuous with_____
medial
brachial
Medial cubital connects ____ and ___ across___
Cdephalic and basilic
Cubital fossa
