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Cardiovascular system > Cardiovascular Anatomy: Heart and blood vessels > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Anatomy: Heart and blood vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by superior (rostral)

A

Towards the top of the body

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2
Q

What is meant by inferior (caudal)

A

Towards the bottom of the body

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3
Q

What is meant by anterior (ventral)

A

Towards the front of the body

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4
Q

What is meant by posterior (dorsal)

A

Towards the back of the body

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5
Q

What is meant by medial

A

Towards the centre

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6
Q

What is meant by lateral

A

Towards the side

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7
Q

What is meant by the coronal (frontal) plane

A

Horizontal plane going through the body either side, divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

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8
Q

What is meant by medial (sagittal) plane

A

Anterior to posterior slice through the midline

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9
Q

What is meant by parasagittal

A

Anterior to posterior slice, but not through the midline.

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10
Q

What is meant by the transverse plane

A

Horizontal line through the body. divides the body into superior and inferior parts

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11
Q

Describe the external structure of the heart (the pericardium)

A

Endocardium- One-cell thick layer which is the interface between heart and blood
Myocardium- Thick layer of cardiac muscle cells
Visceral Pericardium- The epicardium: a layer of serous tissue between the myocardium and pericardial space
Parietal Pericardium- A layer of serous tissue lining the fibrous pericardium and facing the pericardial space
Fibrous pericardium- Connective tissue to protect the heart and hold its position

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12
Q

Describe the veins inside the endocardium

A

The veins inside are larger. The endocardium is attached to the basement membrane, elastic tissue and blood.

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13
Q

Which side is the myocardium larger on

A

The left

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14
Q

What is meant by the pericardium

A

A single-membrane sac that is folded in on itself. In between layers are voids, filled with pericardial fluid.

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15
Q

What is the role of the visceral pericardium

A

The external structure that is giving the heart support

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16
Q

Where does a lot of the movement occur

A

In the parietal and visceral pericardia, lubricated by the pericardial fluid

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17
Q

What is meant by a trunk

A

A large conduit that splits into other parts- not usually very long, splits quickly.

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18
Q

Describe the differences in the pulmonary arteries

A

Some go to the left lung, others to the right lung

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19
Q

Where if the tricuspid valve found

A

Between the right atrium and right ventricle

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20
Q

Where is the mitral (bicuspid) valve found

A

Between the left atrium and left ventricle

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21
Q

What are the roles of chordae tendineae and papillary muscle

A

To prevent inversion of the valves- to give it support and structure.

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22
Q

Describe the papillary muscle

A

Papillary muscles are similar to internal structure of heart. Inside ventricle- it is not a smooth surface- this helps to adjust the pressure of the blood. They are connected left and right, but on the right they are holding the chordae tendineae.

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23
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve found

A

Between the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries

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24
Q

Where is the aortic valve found

A

Between the left ventricle and the aorta.

25
Q

Describe the structure of the tricuspid valve

A

Three flaps/cusps

26
Q

Describe the structure of the mitral valve

A

Two cusps/flaps. One flap is larger than the other. The hypothesis is that the mitral valve was originally tricuspid, but during foetal development, and the way the lungs are shut down, two flaps fused together.

27
Q

Describe the aortic and pulmonary valves

A

They are tricuspid. On a cross-section with an anterior view of the heart, the pulmonary valve is inferior to the aortic valve.

28
Q

Describe the basic structure of the blood vessels

A

Tunica externa
Tunica media
Tunica Intima

29
Q

Describe the tunica externa

A

Made up of collagen fibres, has a protective role. It also has a role in fitting to nearby structures. Also gives the blood vessel its structure

30
Q

Describe the tunica media

A

Bulk of smooth muscle, but also made up of collagen. Surrounded by external and internal elastic lamina.

31
Q

Describe the tunica intima

A

The vascular endothelia, contains the basement supporting matrix

32
Q

Why are arteries circular

A

They are very muscular, they carry high pressure blood and so need to expand equally.

33
Q

Why are arteries known as the conduit vessels

A

because they carry blood from one location to another

34
Q

Why are arterioles known as resistance vessels

A

because they control flow into the copious numbers of capillary beds

35
Q

Why are capillaries known as exchange vessels

A

because they are responsible for gas exchange, absorption and secretion

36
Q

Why are veins known as capacitance vessels

A

because they contain the majority of blood at any given time

they can contain 70% of the blood at any one time

37
Q

Where do the coronary arteries arise from

A

Just superior to the aortic valve. Aortic&raquo_space; pulmonary because oxygen-rich blood is required.

38
Q

Describe the right coronary artery

A

Arises from the right cusp of the aortic valve and supplies the right side of the heart, sometimes the right conus artery (which is descending) arises from the right coronary artery.

39
Q

Describe the left anterior descending

A

Arises just superior to the left cusp of the aortic valve.

40
Q

Describe the left circumflex

A

Arises just superior to the left cusp of the aortic valve, wrap around the back of the heat, to supply areas in a circumference.

41
Q

Why is it important that the coronary arteries branch

A

So that blood is delivered to every cell.

42
Q

How many segments can the coronary arteries be split into

A

About 26- split into mid, proximal and distal

43
Q

Where is the coronary sinus found

A

At the back of the heart

44
Q

Where do the coronary veins coalesce

A

Into the coronary sinus

45
Q

Describe the coronary veins

A

See diagram!

46
Q

Where does the coronary sinus drain into

A

The bottom of the right atrium, where mixed venous blood is taken too, ready to be transported to the lungs.

47
Q

How many branches does the aortic arch have

A

3

48
Q

What does the brachiocephalic trunk bifurcate into

A

Exists of the right hand side, branches into the right carotid artery, and the right subclavian artery.

Right carotid artery bifurcates again at the top of the neck

Right subclavian artery becomes axillary artery— brachial artery which then bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries

49
Q

Where do the other two branches lead to

A

the left common carotid artery (2nd branch) and the left subclavian artery (3rd branch)

50
Q

Describe abdominal aorta

A

Bifurcates in the abdomen, to give iliac arteries (right and left) and continue down to the feet.

51
Q

Where do arteries branch from

A

Arteries branch divergently from the aorta

52
Q

Describe the trunk vessels

A

Trunk vessels are often the primary branches, which then branch/bifurcate into smaller arteries

53
Q

Describe the veins

A

Most veins converge and coalesce into the vena cavae
Right Brachiocephalic Vein: o Right Internal Jugular Vein – Also the vein that lines are inserted into as they go straight into the SVC. o Right Subclavian Vein. ▪

Left Brachiocephalic Vein: o Left Internal Jugular Vein. o Left Subclavian Vein. ▪ Both brachiocephalic veins join to for the superior vena cava (SVC).

54
Q

Why do we pump blood into the aorta

A

Blood flow is blocked by the aortic valve and pushed into coronary arteries

55
Q

What route is the drainage vent placed in

A

Via pulmonary veins, through left atrium and mitral valve

56
Q

Where does the heart sit

A

The heart is located in the centre-left of thorax in a space called the mediastinum

57
Q

Describe the characteristics of the heart

A

It is a muscular organ that sits inside a protective sac (pericardium) that is sealed around the great vessels and has two layers
Fibrous membrane: provides protection and structural support
Serous membranes: secretory layers which provide lubrication between heart and fibrous membrane

58
Q

Describe the perfusion of the myocardium

A

Three main arteries perfuse the myocardium
Right coronary artery: right ventricle
Left anterior descending: septum/left ventricle
Left circumflex: left ventricle

59
Q

Where do the abdominal branches of the aorta begin

A

Just below the diaphragm.

Cardiovascular system (19 decks)

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