Cardiovascular anatomy Flashcards
What is the pericardium?
It is a membrane which covers the heart it consists of two layers.
What is the serous pericardium divided into?
- visceral serous pericardium (in contact with heart).
2. parietal serous pericardium ( in contact with fibrous pericardium).
What does the epicardium secrete?
Pericardial fluid lubricant - allows for movement of the heart
What is the epicardium also known as?
Visceral serous pericardium.
What is haemopericardium
ii. What is the name of the process to treat this?
When the pericardium fills with blood.
ii. Pericardiocentesis
What is the name of the condition when build up in pressure around the heart prevents contractions?
ii. where is the needle inserted?
cardiac tamponade.
ii. Via infrasternal angle and directed superopostierioly
What is the tranverse pericardial sinus?
why is this important?
Space within the pericardial cavity, posterosuperiorly
ii. Cardiac surgeons use this sinus to identify and isolate the great vessels in order to commence cardiopulmonary bypass
Name all the great vessels connected to the heart.
Veins.
- Superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- right and left pulmonary veins
arteries
- aorta
- right and left pulmonary arteries
pulmonary trunk ( divides into right and left pulmonary arteries
What are the heart’s surfaces?
- sternocostal surface (Anterior)
- posterior surface (posterior)
- diaphragmatic surface (inferior)
What are the boarders of the heart?
right (lateral) border
left (lateral) border
Inferior border
Superior border
What is the apex of the heart?
The base of the heart ( normally to the left side)
How do you find the palpation of the apex of the heart?
5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line.
What shifts the apex beat to the left of the heart?
Cardiac enlargement (cardiomegaly)
Name the nerves related to the heart.
- Vagus nerve
2. phrenic nerve
What are the auricles used for ?
It is the extensions of both atrium allowing for extra blood to enter them
What is the coronary groove?
this groove indicates the surface marking for the tricuspid valve (boundary between right atrium and right ventricle)
Coronary sinus divides what surfaces?
Diaphragmatic on top of it and base bellow it.
Interatrial groove indicates what?
indicates boundary between the 2 atria
anterior interventricular groove indicates what?
the boundary between the 2 ventricles.
Name all the coronary arteries and branches.
- right coronary artery
- left coronary artery
- right marginal artery
- left marginal artery
- posterior interventricular artery
- circumflex artery
- lateral branch
What is the role of the coronary sinus?
short venous conduit which receives deoxygenated blood from most cardiac veins draining into the right atrium.
what are the two parts to the septum?
- interatrial septum
2. interventricular septum
What is a septal defect refer to?
hole in the septa which allows mixing of arterial and venous blood.
What is hypoxaemia?
reduction in the oxygen content of systemic arterial blood in the aorta
Name the 4 valves
ii. where are they located?
- Tricuspid valve-between right atrium and ventricle
- Pulmonary valve ( right ventricle and pulmonary trunk)
- Mitral valve ( left atrium and ventricle)
- Aortic valve (left ventricle and aorta)
Name the two types of valves.
ii. what type of sounds do they make
- Semilunar (dub sound 2nd) - when closed
2. leaflet ( lub sound 1st) - when closed
What are the roles of tendinous chords and papillary muscles ?
prevents prolapse of blood.
What is the role of the moderator band?
Carries fibres of right bundle branch to the papillary muscle of the anterior cusp. provides a electrical activity shortcut for the anterior papillary muscle so coordinated contraction of all papillary muscles associated with the tricuspid valve occurs.
What are the three layers of the heart?
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
What do the lub and dub sounds represent?
blood flow not valves
- Lub sound - transferring of blood from atria into ventricles.
- Dub sound - Ventricles expel blood from the heart.
Why do the ventricles produce a wringing motion when they contract?
Because f the double helical orientation of the cardiac muscle fibres.
What are the names of the two spirals associated with cardiac muscle fibre?
Basal spiral - (outer)
Apical spiral - (inner)
What makes up the skeleton of the heart?
ii. What do they cover?
- Four fibrous rings made of dense collagen.
ii. Each ring encircles a valve, two trigones and the membranous portions of the interatrial ,interventricular and atrioventricular septum.
What is the role of the skeleton of the heart?
- keeps the orifices of the AV and seminular valves patent and prevents them from being overly distended.
- Provides attachment for the myocardium.
- Provides attachment for the cusps of all the valves.
- Forms an electrical insulator by separating the myenterically conducted impulses of the atria and ventricles.
What is the apex beat?
Where the sound of the mitral valve closure are maximal.
Where is the apex beat located?
Lies posterior to the 5th intercostal space in adults. Usually a hands breadth (9cm) from the medial plane.
What is the difference between the base and apex of the heart?
Base of the heart is posterior aspect which is opposite to apex.
Where does the right atrium receive blood from?
- Inferior vena cava
- superior vena cava
- coronary sinus
What is the role of the right auricle?
Increases capacity of atrium.
What is the tranverse pericardial sinus?
ii. What is it used for?
A “space” within the pericardial cavity,posterosuperiorly
ii. By surgeons to isolate the great vessels for coronary bypass.
Where is the thoracic inlet found?
It is bounded by the rib 1, T1 vertebra and jugular notch
The sternal angle divides what?
the superior and inferior mediastinum.
What is the thymus replaced by after puberty?
Thymus involutes and becomes fatty forming adipose tissue.
Where do both vagal trunks pass through?
The diaphragm with the oesophagus onto the stomach.
The thoracic aorta is the only thoracic part of the aorta to be found where?
In the posterior mediastinum.
What is the first branch of the ascending aorta?
coronary arteries
What is the second branch of the ascending aorta?
Brachiocephalic trunk
Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph fluid?
The left venous angle
How does the lymph drain from the lungs?
tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes (around the bifurcation of the trachea
right lymphatic duct
thoracic duct
left venous angle
bronchopulmonary lymph nodes (surround the main bronchus at the lung root)
What are the role of the phrenic nerves?
formed from combined anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves 3, 4 & 5 somatic motor to the diaphragm somatic sensory to: mediastinal parietal pleura fibrous pericardium diaphragmatic parietal pleura diaphragmatic parietal peritoneum
What does the vagus nerves contain? e.g. cranial nerve X
somatic sensory nerves for the palate, laryngopharynx & larynx
somatic motor nerves for the pharynx & larynx
autonomic parasympathetic nerves for thoracic and abdominal organs
What is the fibrous pericadium lined with?
parietal serous pericardium
Where is the right coronary artery found in?
Coronary groove
where is the Left anterior descending artery?
anterior interventricular groove
What do the coronary branches supply?
epicardium and myocardium
What are coronary branches normally embedded in?
Adipose tissues
What is the main stem of the coronary arteries?
Left coronary artery
Where do the coronary arteries arise from?
aortic sinuses of the ascending aorta
where is the left coronary artery found?
Left atrioventricular groove between pulmonary trunk and left auricle
Where is the right coronary artery found?
right atrioventricular groove
where is the coronary sinus found?
atrioventricular groove posteriorly
What do the grooves of the heart septums show?
position of the heart septum which divides the left and right heart
divides the Internal chambers too
Which groove shows where the interatrial septum is?
interatrial groove
which groove shows where the interventricular septum is?
anterior interventricular groove
What is the difference between the semi lunar and atrioventricular valves?
semilunar valves’ cusps don’t have tendinous chords attached and are smaller
semilunar valves have chordae tendinae
Which valves are the semilunar valves?
Pulmonary and aortic valves
Which valves are the leaflet valves?
Mitral and tricuspid
How many cusps has the pulmonary valve got?
3 - anterior, right and left
How many cusps has the aortic valve got?
3- right, left and posterior
How many cusps has tricuspid got?
3 - anterior, posterior and septal
How many cusps has mitral valve got?
2- anterior and posterior
what is the general rule when auscultating cardiac valves?
Follow direction of normal blood flow through the valve until the edge of the sternum is located and auscultate
(slightly different for mitral)
Where is the anatomical position of the aortic valve?
2nd right intercostal sternal edge
Where is the anatomical position of the pulmonary valve?
2nd left intercostal sternal edge
What is the anatomical position of the tricuspid valve?
4th left intercostal sternal edge ( lower left edge)
Where is the anatomical position of the mitral valve?
5th left intercostal space on the midclavicular line
How do autonomic innervation and visceral afferent nerves reach the heart?
via cardiac plexus
What controls visceral reflex afferents?
barorecptors
How do reflex afferents mainly travel?
mainly via vagus nerve (CN X)
however
some do travel via glossopharyngeal nerve ( CN IX)
Describe the course of sympathetic signals from the CNS heart.
- Travels inferiorly within spinal cord tracts
- Travels both the superior, middle and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia
- synapse at T1-T5 ganglia and cervical ganglia
- bilateral postsynaptic fibres travel via cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves
- travel through cardiac plexus and end at SA and AV nodes in relation to the termination of parasympathetic fibers on the coronary arteries