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Cardiovascular System > Cardiovascular Anatomy > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

From right to left, what are the main branches coming off the aortic arch?

A

RIGHT LEFT
Brachiocephalic artery Left common carotid artery Left subclavian artery

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1
Q

What is the composition of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous layer (tough) on outside and serous layer (thin) on inside

Serous layer made up of parietal (lines inner surface of fibrous layer) and visceral (adheres to heart)

Note: pericardium attaches to diaphragm inferiorly by the central tendon

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2
Q

What valves are present in the right heart and left heart respectively?

A

RIGHT HEART:
Tricuspid valve & pulmonary valve

LEFT HEART:
Mitral valve & aortic valve

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3
Q

How is the heart innervated?

A

Phrenic nerve innervates on both sides (innervates diaphragm below the heart)

Vagus nerve…. ++++

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4
Q

What is the structure of large elastic arteries? What is the main purpose of elastic arteries?

A

Conduct blood away from the heart (ability to stretch keeps pressure constant)

TUNICA INTIMA:
Endothelial cells + narrow subendothelium of connective tissue + discontinuous internal elastic lamina

TUNICS MEDIA:
40-70 fenestrated elastic membranes + smooth muscle cells + collagen + thin external elastic lamina

TUNICA ADVENTITIA:
thin layer of fibroelastic connective tissue + vaso vasorum + lymphatic vessels + nerve fibres

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5
Q

What are vaso vasorum?

A

Small nutrient arteries and veins in the walls of larger blood vessels (for blood vessels so thick that they need their own blood supply)

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6
Q

What is the structure of muscular arteries? What is the main purpose of muscular arteries?

A

Distribute blood around the body (influenced by vasodilation/vasoconstriction)

TUNICA INTIMA:
Endothelium + subendothelium + thick internal elastic lamina

note: protruding endothelial cells indicates vasoconstriction

TUNICA MEDIA: (circular arrangement)
40 layers of smooth muscle cells connected by gap junctions + prominent external elastic lamina with fenestrations for noradrenaline diffusion

note: as diameter diminishes, the no. of smooth muscle layers decreases

TUNICA ADVENTITIA: (longitudinal arrangement)
Thin layer of fibroelastic connective tissue + vaso vasorum + lymphatic vessels + nerve fibres

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7
Q

What is the structure of arterioles? What is the main purpose of arterioles?

A

Resistance vessels (ensures brain is perfused against gravity)

TUNICA INTIMA:
Endothelial cells + thin layer of subendothelial tissue

TUNICA MEDIA:
1-3 layers of continuous smooth muscle cells + thin internal elastic lamina (in large arterioles)

TUNICA ADVENTITIA:
Scant (no layer of external elastic lamina) + layer of fibroblasts

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8
Q

What are metarterioles?

A

Arteries that supply blood to capillary beds

Smooth muscle is discontinuous unlike arterioles

Individual muscle cells are spaced apart and each encircle the endothelium of capillaries, forming precapillary sphincters (control blood flow into capillary bed)

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9
Q

What are the general features of capillaries? What are some specific subtypes?

A

Single layer of endothelium + basement membrane

  • continuous: nervous, muscle, connective tissue, exocrine glands, lungs (continuous endothelial layer - tight junctions + pericytes)
  • fenestrated: gut, endocrine glands, renal glomerulus
    (windows across thin parts of endothelium bridged by thin diaphragm - except in renal glomerulus)
  • sinusoidal: liver, spleen, bone marrow (gaps exist in walls to allow whole cells to move between blood and tissue - slow flowing)
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10
Q

What is the structure of postcapillary venules?

A

Endothelium + pericytes

Diameter 10-30um: very permeable
Low pressure -> fluid drains into veins (except during an inflammatory response) -> leukocyte & fluid emigrate from blood to tissues

Diameter >50um
Smooth muscle fibres associate with endothelium (tunica media appears)

Intimal extensions

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11
Q

What are intimal extensions?

A

Small valves in venules that restrict retrograde blood flow (act with muscles)

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12
Q

What is the structure of medium-sized veins?

A

Compared to accompanying artery: larger diameter but thinner wall; more connective tissue and fewer elastic &muscle fibres

Well developed adventitia & thin tunica intima & media (thickens with increased diameter)

note: superficial veins in legs have well-defined muscular wall to resist distension by gravity

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13
Q

What are venae comitantes?

A

Deep paired veins that accompany one of the smaller arteries on each side of a larger artery

Three vessels wrapped in one sheath

Pulsing of artery promotes venous return within the adjacent veins

e.g. bronchial, ulnar, tibial

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14
Q

What is the structure of large veins?

A

Well developed longitudinal smooth muscle in tunica adventitia + circular smooth muscle in tunica media

e.g. vena cavae, pulmonary, portal, renal, internal jugular, iliac,

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15
Q

What is the difference between the transverse and oblique sinus?

A

TRANSVERSE: separates arteries from veins

OBLIQUE: formed by reflection onto the pulmonary veins of heart

16
Q

Describe what areas of the heart are supplied by what vessels.

A

Right coronary artery:

  • right side of the heart
  • back of septum
  • base of both ventricles

Left coronary arteries:

  • CIRCUMFLEX: left atrium and ventricle
  • LEFT ANTERIOR DESCENDING: front and base of left ventricle and front of septum

Great cardiac vein: drains areas supplied by left coronary arteries

Middle cardiac vein: drains area supplied by posterior interventricular branch of right coronary artery

Small cardiac vein: drains posterior part of right atria and ventricle

17
Q

What is pericarditis? What is constrictive pericarditis? What is Kussmaul’s sign?

A

Inflammation of the pericardium e.g. due to viral & bacterial infections, systemic illnesses (chronic renal failure), post-MI

Continuous central chest pain that may radiate to one or both arms, but the pain may be relieved by sitting down

ECG to differentiate from MI

CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS = abnormal thickening of pericardial sac compresses heart -> heart failure

Open pericardial sac

Kussmaul’s sign = jugular venous pulse raises on inspiration

18
Q

What is a pericardial effusion?

A

Excess fluid between visceral and parietal layers of serous pericardium which compresses the heart (fibrous pericardium cannot expand easily)

Causes cardiac tamponade —–> Biventricular failure

Remove fluid with a needle

19
Q

What are the key anatomical features of the right atrium?

A

Fossa ovalis (remnant of foramen ovale)

Crista terminalis (….)

Pectinate muscle (…)

Opening of coronary sinus

Right auricle

Tricuspid valve

Valve of IVC

20
Q

What are the key anatomical features of the right ventricle?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum (remnant of ductus arteriosus)

Pulmonary valve

Chordae tendineae (…..)

Tricuspid valve

Anterior papillary muscle (….)

Trabeculae carneae (…..)

21
Q

What are the key anatomical features of the left atrium?

A

Valve of foramen ovale

Mitral valve

Left auricle

22
Q

What are the key anatomical features of the left ventricle?

A

Mitral valve

Chordae tendineae (…..)

Trabeculae carneae (…..)

Posterior papillary muscle (…..)

Coronary sinus

23
Q

Which vessels supply the front, back, right, and left aspects of the heart?

A

Front & right = right coronary artery

Front & left = anterior interventricular branch & great cardiac vein

Back & right = right coronary artery & coronary sinus

Back & left = posterior left ventricular veins & posterior left ventricular branch

+ circumflex branch of left coronary artery -> left atrium
+ left anterior descending coronary artery -> left atria, left ventricle, and interventricular septum

24
Q

What is the cardiac skeleton?

A

Separates the atria and the ventricles.

Framework of dense collagen that forms 4 fibrous rings which surround the orifices of the valves

  • keeps valves patent (prevents distension during high blood flow)
  • provides attachments for the leaflets/cusps of the valves
  • provides attachment for myocardium
  • insulates (atria and ventricles can contract independently)
25
Q

What is the role of the papillary muscles and chordae tendineae during ventricular contraction?

A

Papillary muscles contract just before ventricular contraction, tightening the chordae tendineae.

Cusps drawn together, preventing separation/inversion (prevents regurgitation)

26
Q

How does the semilunar valves prevent backflow during ventricular relaxation?

A

Initial elastic recoil causes some backflow, but this backflow snaps the valve closed.

……

27
Q

What is the relationship between the cusps of the aortic valve and the opening to the coronary arteries? In what period of the cardiac cycle does most of the blood supplying the heart muscle enter the coronary arteries?

A

Opening of coronary arteries are on the cusps of the aortic valve. These drain into the aortic sinuses

Ventricular diastole due to the backflow of blood and closure of the aortic valve (blood drains into the coronary arteries)

28
Q

At what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?

A

L4

Cardiovascular System (11 decks)

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