Cardiovascular

Question 1

What is the percentage breakdown of your blood? What is hemocrit?

Answer 1

54

Question 2

What are the functions of your blood?

Answer 2

Transportation of nurtients, removal of waste, transport of hormones distribution of body heat, and protection (distribution of immune cells)

Question 3

What are arteries?

Answer 3

Large, thick walled elastic tubes. Carry blood away from heart

Question 4

What are arterioles? What do they play a role in?

Answer 4

Much smaller than arteries, very muscular. Major role in control of blood pressure

Question 5

What are capillaries?

Answer 5

Very small, thin-walled. Exchange gases and nutrients with cells or lungs

Question 6

What are venules?

Answer 6

Same size as arterioles, less muscular. Carry blood toward heart

Question 7

What are veins?

Answer 7

Large, like arteries, thinner walls. Carry blood back to the heart

Question 8

What are the layers of the heart and what are they composed of?

Answer 8

Question 9

Atrioventricular valves

Answer 9

Question 10

Semilunar valves

Answer 10

Question 11

Describe heart muscle fiber. How many nuclei? Striated? How are cells connected? How do they fire? What is the refractory period?

Answer 11

Question 12

Describe the steps involved with how a heart muscle cell contracts

Answer 12

Question 13

How does the resting membrane potential of a cardiac muscle relate to that of a skeletal muscle? How does this relate to ion permeability?

What is the stimilus to depolarize?

What ion channels are involved?

Answer 13

Question 14

WHat are the three phases of cardiac muscle impluses? What happens during each?

Answer 14

Question 15

When does the plateau phase occur? How does the muscle develop tension? How long is the refractory period?

Answer 15

Question 16

What percentage of cardiac muscles are specialized for contraction? What about for initiating and conducting action potentials?

What are some charactersitics of the cells capable of conducting action potentials?

Answer 16

Question 17

Whats the normal pacemaker of the heart? Where is it located?

What are these cells specialized for?

If two spontaneous contracting cells are joined together, which will set the pace?

Answer 17

Question 18

Describe the relationship between time, membrane potential (mV) pacemaker potential, threshold, and action potentials

Answer 18

Question 19

Define pacemake potential. What is this due to?

What are action potentials due to?

Answer 19

Question 20

Pacemake cell in the SA node depolarize ____?

The impulse spreads how and where?

What separates ventricles from atria?

Answer 20

Question 21

When does the p wave occur on a electrocardiogram? (ECG) What does it look like?

Answer 21

Question 22

When does the QRD complex occur on a ECG? What does it look like?

Answer 22

Question 23

When does the T wave occur on a ECG? what does it look like?

Answer 23

Question 24

What is a electrocardiogram (ECG?)

Answer 24

Question 25

What are the 5 phases of the cadiac cycle?

Answer 25

Question 26

Describe the passive filling phase. What are the atria and ventricle (contracted or relaxed) during this time? Whats the ventricular pressure? AV valves open or closed? How does atrial pressure relate to ventricular pressure? Where is blood flowing? What state are the aortic and pulmonary valves in? How does arterial pressure relate to ventricular? How much filling occurs during this time?

Answer 26

Question 27

Describe the atrial contraction phase of the cardiac cylce. When does this occur? What happens with the SA node? What does depolarization spread? Where does the wave reach? What does the ECG read at this time? Whats the end result of all this?

Answer 27

Question 28

What is the end disatolic volume during atrial contraction?

Answer 28

Question 29

What is diastolic blood pressure during atrial contraction?

Answer 29

Question 30

How does atrial contraction end? what is the end diastolic volume? What is the blood pressure?

Answer 30

Question 31

Describe the 3rd phase of the cardiac cycle: Isovolumetric contraction. When does it occur? What is the ventricular depolarization? What occurs on the ECG. What happens to the ventricles? What happens to the AV valvues and what causes this? What sound is produced?

Answer 31