Cardiovascular Flashcards
What is the percentage breakdown of your blood? What is hemocrit?
54
What are the functions of your blood?
Transportation of nurtients, removal of waste, transport of hormones distribution of body heat, and protection (distribution of immune cells)
What are arteries?
Large, thick walled elastic tubes. Carry blood away from heart
What are arterioles? What do they play a role in?
Much smaller than arteries, very muscular. Major role in control of blood pressure
What are capillaries?
Very small, thin-walled. Exchange gases and nutrients with cells or lungs
What are venules?
Same size as arterioles, less muscular. Carry blood toward heart
What are veins?
Large, like arteries, thinner walls. Carry blood back to the heart
What are the layers of the heart and what are they composed of?
Atrioventricular valves
Semilunar valves
Describe heart muscle fiber. How many nuclei? Striated? How are cells connected? How do they fire? What is the refractory period?
Describe the steps involved with how a heart muscle cell contracts
How does the resting membrane potential of a cardiac muscle relate to that of a skeletal muscle? How does this relate to ion permeability?
What is the stimilus to depolarize?
What ion channels are involved?
WHat are the three phases of cardiac muscle impluses? What happens during each?
When does the plateau phase occur? How does the muscle develop tension? How long is the refractory period?
What percentage of cardiac muscles are specialized for contraction? What about for initiating and conducting action potentials?
What are some charactersitics of the cells capable of conducting action potentials?
Whats the normal pacemaker of the heart? Where is it located?
What are these cells specialized for?
If two spontaneous contracting cells are joined together, which will set the pace?
Describe the relationship between time, membrane potential (mV) pacemaker potential, threshold, and action potentials
Define pacemake potential. What is this due to?
What are action potentials due to?
Pacemake cell in the SA node depolarize ____?
The impulse spreads how and where?
What separates ventricles from atria?
When does the p wave occur on a electrocardiogram? (ECG) What does it look like?
When does the QRD complex occur on a ECG? What does it look like?
When does the T wave occur on a ECG? what does it look like?
What is a electrocardiogram (ECG?)
What are the 5 phases of the cadiac cycle?
Describe the passive filling phase. What are the atria and ventricle (contracted or relaxed) during this time? Whats the ventricular pressure? AV valves open or closed? How does atrial pressure relate to ventricular pressure? Where is blood flowing? What state are the aortic and pulmonary valves in? How does arterial pressure relate to ventricular? How much filling occurs during this time?
Describe the atrial contraction phase of the cardiac cylce. When does this occur? What happens with the SA node? What does depolarization spread? Where does the wave reach? What does the ECG read at this time? Whats the end result of all this?
What is the end disatolic volume during atrial contraction?
What is diastolic blood pressure during atrial contraction?
How does atrial contraction end? what is the end diastolic volume? What is the blood pressure?
Describe the 3rd phase of the cardiac cycle: Isovolumetric contraction. When does it occur? What is the ventricular depolarization? What occurs on the ECG. What happens to the ventricles? What happens to the AV valvues and what causes this? What sound is produced?
