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NUR231 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular systems structures?

A 
• The heart (pump)
- right side to pulmonary circulation
- left side to systemic circulation
• Peripheral vascular system (Tubing)
- Arteries carry oxygenated blood
- Veins carry deoxygenated blood
• Haematological system
- Blood and components 
• Closely interlinked with lymphatic system
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2
Q

Function of cardiovascular system?

A
  • Deliver oxygen, nutrients and other requirements to the cells
  • Remove and transport waste, such as carbon dioxide to be excreted
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3
Q

The structures and function of the cardiovascular system, a diagram:

A

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcSY5vl06CZhyb3qzrMixvzbShHFNWsq5cB4fJNMdB1QCuGqMFUO

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4
Q

Coronary arteries, a diagram:

A

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcR3mld5ua-wbqpw64FAR_rhMAEFUVNZbrc-8RWjbloLujfWLNzk

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5
Q

Coronary Veins, a diagram:

A

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcRyaDgigdedSxJiLH9g4Aq4jpdsk5tDWjOKOqvi4YDk5RNDYjA-

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6
Q

Layers of the heart wall from outer layer in:

A
  • Pericardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
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7
Q

Structure/function of heart when systole or diastole, a diagram:

A

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcTaMHH4XnspEft3Wc2CbdMkLOc6P1JjM61y0iHi7sUjCDLf4SZU

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8
Q

What are the Atrioventricular valves?

A

The connection/coordination between the arterial and ventricular chambers of the heart.

  • Tricuspid valve
  • Bicuspid valve
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9
Q

What are the Semilunar valves?

A

At basses of the aorta and the pulmonary artery, consisting of three cusps or flaps which prevent back flow.

  • Pulmonary semilunar valve
  • Aortic semilunar valve
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10
Q

What is the conduction system of the heart?

A

A group of specialised cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the heart that send signals to the heart muscle causing it to contract.

  • Sinoatrial node (SA)
  • Atrioventricular node (AV)
  • Bundle of His (AV bundle)
  • Right and left bundle branches
  • Purkinji fibres
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11
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped into the ventricles into the pulmonary and systemic circulations in 1 minute.
• Preload
- left ventricular end diastolic volume
- frank-starling law of the heart
• Afterload
- resistance that must be overcome for blood to be ejected.
• Contractility

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12
Q

What is strike volume?

A

The amount of blood pumped into the aorta with each contraction of the left ventricle.

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13
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

The percentage of total blood remaining in the ventricle at the end of diastole (relaxation); normal is 50-70%

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14
Q

The peripheral vascular system:

A
  • Arteries
  • Arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Venules
  • Veins
  • and repeat
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15
Q

Structure of an artery and vein, a diagram:

A

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcTRph3x5_RYxlTKRiQoePEvz9Ahd4Qu1P4B5WjSMSepZpTYQSgs

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16
Q

Blood flow, a diagram

A

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcSwadEeXG7wg0OoY71g-mA_Q3ZyxruA1p7TpDJ5Q2Lnp5ci8ZZt

17
Q

Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR), or blood flow resistance:

A

Determined by three factors:
•Blood viscosity- thickness of the blood
•Length of vessel- ^length ^ resist
•Diameter of vessel- smaller the diameter the greater resistance

18
Q

What is an Arrhythmia disorder?

A
  • Generation of an electrical impulse produces a coordinated and synchronised muscle contraction through the myocardium that pumps blood into the pulmonary and body systems. With this condition this coordinated and synchronised action may be affected.
  • a disturbance or irregularity in the electrical system of the heart
  • Arrhythmias can be minor (benign) or life threatening.
  • Classified according to; site of abnormal impulse generation, and degree of block impulse.
19
Q

What two Pathophysiological causes Arrhythmia (conduction disorders?

A
  • Abnormal impulse generation- SA and AV node

* Abnormal impulse conduction (heart block)- myocardial cell disorders

20
Q

What non pathophysiological causes Arrhythmia?

A
  • Fear
  • Excitement
  • exercise
  • Hyperthermia
21
Q

What are the effects of Arrhythmia?

A
  • rate
  • rhythm
  • combination of the above
  • potentially alter blood flow/cause haemodynamic changes
22
Q

What is Supraventricular Arrhythmia?

A 
• Can be ‘normal’, often minimal intervention required
• Generated in SA node/within atria 
• Often has a P and T wave/normal QRS
- sinus rhythm 
- sinus Arrhythmia 
- sinus tachy and bradycardia 
- atrial fibrillation
23
Q

What is Ventricular Arrhythmia?

A

• Much more serious
• Does not usually activate SA node or Atria
• QRS complexes peculiar indicating minimal useful ventricular output
- ventricular tachycardia
- ventricular fibrillation

24
Q

What is Atrioventricular conduction block Arrhythmia?

A 
•interruption ‘blocks’ of the impulse travelling from atria to ventricles 
•minor affect
•major, immediate treatment required
- first degree AV block
- second degree various AV blocks
- third degree AV block
25
Q

What cardiac disorders can and can’t be shocked

A 
• Shockable:
- ventricular fibrillation 
- ventricular tachycardia 
- supraventricular tachycardia 
- atrial fibrillation 
• Non-shockable 
- asystole 
- pulseless electrical activity
26
Q

What is Heart failure?

A 
• Syndrome involving left ventricular function
- resulting in fatigue and dyspnoea
• Most cases caused by
- coronary heart disease
- post MI
- hypertension
• Left or Right ventricular failure
27
Q

What is Arteriosclerosis?

A
  • A chronic abnormal thickening and hardening of artery walls. - smooth muscle cells and collagen fibres enter tunica intima making it still and narrowing the lumen. Lipids may be present.
  • Atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis, with soft deposits of intra-arterial fat and other variations depending on the severity of the inflammatory condition
28
Q

Risk factors of coronary heart disease:

A 
• Non-modifiable
-age
-male or postmenopausal.
-family history
• Modifiable
-dyslipidaema
-hypertension
-smoking
-diabetes 
-obesity
-sedentary lifestyle
29
Q

Cardiovascular and non- cardiovascular types of cardiac pains

A 
•Cardiovascular 
- myocardial ischaemia 
- myocardial infarction 
- pericarditis 
- heart valve disorders 
- cancer
- sickle cell occlusion 
• Non-Cardiovascular
- dissecting aortic aneurysms
- herpes zoster (shingles)
- oesophageal reflux/spasm
- pneumonia 
- peptic ulceration ect..
30
Q

Stable angina?

A
  • pain occurs with increasing workload
  • stable atherosclerotic plaque
  • pain stable and predictable
  • crescendo/decrescendo pain
  • radiates to neck/shoulders

NUR231 (1 decks)

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