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(UTEP) Exercise Physiology > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of the Heart

A

Provides the drive for blood flow

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2
Q

Physical Characteristics of the Heart

A
  • 4 chambers
  • 11 oz for average male, 9 oz for female
  • 2 sides separated by interventricular septum
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3
Q

Volume of Blood Circulation

A
  • ~70 mL/beat at rest
  • ~1900 gallons/day at rest
  • 52 million gallons over a 75-y life span
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4
Q

Myocardium

A
  • Heart muscle

- Myocardial fibers interconnect in latticework fashion to allow the heart to function as a unit

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5
Q

Right Side of the Heart

A
  • Receives blood returning from body

- Pumps blood to lungs for aeration through pulmonary circulation

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6
Q

Left Side of the Heart

A
  • Receives oxygenated blood from lungs

- Pumps blood into thick-walled muscular aorta for distribution via systemic circulation

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7
Q

The Heart’s Valves

A
  • Atrioventricular Valves (Tricuspid & Bicuspid/Mitral)

- Semilunar Valves

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8
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

Provides one-way blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle

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9
Q

Bicuspid/Mitral Valve

A

Provides one-way blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle

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10
Q

Semilunar Valves

A
  • Located in arterial wall just outside heart

- Prevents blood from flowing back into the heart between contractions

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11
Q

Myocardium & the Left Ventricle

A
  • Wall thickness varies directly with stress placed on the chamber walls
  • Left ventricle is the largest and most powerful of chambers
  • With vigorous exercise, the left ventricle increases in size
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12
Q

Intercalated Disks and Impulse Travel

A
  • Impulses travel quickly in cardiac muscle and allows it to act as one large muscle fiber
  • All fibers contract together
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13
Q

Effect of the Parasympathetic NS

A

Acts through the vagus nerve to decrease heart rate and force of contraction

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14
Q

Effect of the Sympathetic NS

A

Stimulated by stress to increase heart rate and force of contraction

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15
Q

Effect of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A
  • Released due to sympathetic stimulation

- Increases heart rate

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16
Q

Bradycardia

A

Resting heart rate <60 bpm

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17
Q

Tachycardia

A

Resting heart rate >100 bpm

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18
Q

P Wave

A

Atrial depolarization

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19
Q

QRS Complex

A
  • Ventricular depolarization

- Atrial repolarization also occurs here, but is obscured by QRS waves

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20
Q

T Wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

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21
Q

Diastole

A
  • Relaxation phase when blood fills the heart chambers

- T wave to QRS complex

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22
Q

Systole

A
  • Contraction phase when the heart pumps blood out of the chambers
  • QRS complex to T wave
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23
Q

Stroke Volume

A
  • Volume of blood pumped per contraction

- SV = EDV - ESV

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24
Q

End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)

A

Volume of blood in ventricle before contraction

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25
Q

End-Systolic Volume (ESV)

A

Volume of blood in ventricle after contraction

26
Q

Cardiac Output (Q)

A
  • Total volume of blood pumped by the ventricle per minute

- Q = HR x SV

27
Q

Ejection Fraction (EF)

A
  • Proportion of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each beat
  • EF = SV/EDV
  • Averages 60% at rest
28
Q

Blood Vessels

A
  • Arteries
  • Arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Venules
  • Veins
29
Q

Arteries

A

Largest, most muscular vessels, carries blood away from heart

30
Q

Arterioles

A

Smaller than arteries

31
Q

Capillaries

A

Where exchange between blood and tissues occurs, very small

32
Q

Venules

A

Smaller than veins

33
Q

Veins

A

Carries blood back to heart

34
Q

Muscle Pump

A

Muscular contractions create the pressure gradient to return blood to the heart in the veins

35
Q

Blood Distribution

A
  • Matched to overall metabolic demands

- Determined by the balance between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and total peripheral resistance (TPR)

36
Q

Autoregulation

A

Arterioles within organs or tissues dilate or constrict

37
Q

Extrinsic Neural Control

A

Sympathetic nerves within walls of vessels are stimulated

38
Q

Blood Pressure

A
  • BP = Q x TPR
  • Blood vessel constriction increases blood pressure
  • Blood vessel dilation reduces blood pressure
39
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure

A
  • Average pressure exerted by the blood as it travels through arteries
  • MAP = DBP + [0.333(SBP-DBP)]
40
Q

Blood Composition

A
  • 55% plasma

- 45% formed elements

41
Q

Plasma

A
  • 90% water
  • 7% plasma proteins
  • 3% other materials
42
Q

Formed Elements

A
  • 99% red blood cells

- 1% white blood cells and platelets

43
Q

Hematocrit

A

Ratio of formed elements to the total blood volume

44
Q

White Blood Cells

A

Protect body from disease organisms

45
Q

Blood Platelets

A

Cell fragments that help blood coagulation

46
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

Carry oxygen to tissue with the help of hemoglobin

47
Q

Blood Viscosity

A
  • Thickness of the blood
  • The more viscous, the more resistant to flow
  • Higher hematocrits result in higher blood viscosity
48
Q

Cardiovascular Response to Acute Exercise

A
  • HR, SV, and Q increase
  • Blood flow and BP change
  • All result in allowing the body to meet the increased demands placed on it efficiently
49
Q

Resting HR

A
  • Averages 60-80 bpm
  • Can range from 28-100 bpm
  • Tends to decrease with age and with increased cardiovascular fitness
  • Is affected by environmental conditions such as altitude and temperature
50
Q

Maximum HR

A
  • The highest HR value one can achieve in an all-out effort to the point of exhaustion
  • Remains constant day to day and changes slightly from year to year
51
Q

Max HR Estimation

A

HRmax = 220 - age in years

52
Q

Steady State HR

A
  • HR plateau reached during constant rate of submaximal work
  • Optimal HR for meeting circulatory demands at that rate of work
  • As steady-state HR decreases, efficiency improves
53
Q

Stroke Volume and Exercise

A
  • Determines cardiorespiratory endurance capacity at max rates of work
  • May increase with increasing rates of work up to intensities of 40-60% of max
  • May continue to increase up through maximal exercise intensity
  • Depends on position of body during exercise
54
Q

Frank Starling Mechanism

A

More blood in the ventricle causes it to stretch more and contract with more force

55
Q

Stroke Volume Increases During Exercise

A
  • Increased ventricular contractility without end-diastolic volume increases
  • Decreased TPR due to increased vasodilation of blood vessels to active muscles
56
Q

Cardiovascular Drift

A
  • Gradual decrease in stroke volume and systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures and an increase in HR
  • Occurs with steady-state prolonged exercise or exercise in a hot environment
57
Q

Blood Pressure and Endurance Exercise

A
  • Systolic BP increases in direct proportion to increased exercise intensity
  • Diastolic BP change little if any during endurance exercise, regardless of intensity
58
Q

Blood Pressure and Resistance Exercise

A

Exaggerates BP responses to as high as 480/350 mmHg

59
Q

Arm and Leg Difference in BP

A

-

60
Q

Arterial-Venous Oxygen Difference

A
  • Amount of oxygen extracted from the blood as it travels through the body
  • Calculated as the difference b/t the oxygen content of arterial blood and venous blood
  • Increases with increasing rates of exercise as more oxygen is taken from blood
61
Q

Fick Equation

A
  • Represents the relationship of VO2 to the arterial-venous oxygen difference (a-vO2 diff) and cardiac output (Q)
  • VO2 = Q x a-vO2 diff

(UTEP) Exercise Physiology (4 decks)

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