Cardiovascular Flashcards
The _ is the lowest part of the heart formed by the inferno lateral part of the left ventricle. It projects anteriorly and to the left. Where is it located?
The APEX is the lowest part of the heart . . . .
It IS AT THE 5TH INTERCOSTAL SPACE AND THE LEFT MID-CLAVICULAR LINE
The _ is the upper border of the heart involving the left atrium, and part of the right atrium and the proximal portions of the great vessels. Where is it located?
The BASE is the upper border of the heart . . . .
It I located BELOW THE SECOND RIB AT THE LEVEL OF THE 2ND INTERCOSTAL SPACE
The _ is the the endothelial tissue that lines the interior heart chambers and valves.
The ENDOCARDIUM is the endothelial tissue that . . .
The _ is a double walled connective tissue sac that surrounds the outside of the heart and the great vessels.
PERICARDIUM
The _ is the serous layer of the pericardium. It contains?
The EPICARDIUM is the serous layer . . .
It contains:
- epicardial coronary arteries and veins
- autonomic nerves
- lymphatics
The _ is the thick contractile middle layer of muscle cells that forms the bulk of the heart wall.
MYOCARDIUM
The _ is the body’s largest artery and the central condition of blood from the heart to the body. Where does it begin and end?
The AORTA . . .
It begins at the UPPER PART OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE, ASCENDS FOR A SHORT DISTANCE AND ARCHES BACKWARD AND TO THE LEFT (ARCH OF THE AORTA. Then it descends WITHIN THE THORAX (THORACIC AORTA) AND PASSES INTO THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY (ABDOMINAL AORTA)
The _ _ _ is the vein that returns venous blood from the lower body and viscera to the right atrium. The _ _ _ is the vein that turn venous blood from the head, neck, and arms to the right atrium.
The INFERIOR VENA CAVA- blood from the lower body and viscera
The SUPERIOR VENA CAVA- blood from the head, neck and arms
Pulmonary _ carry oxygenated look from the right and left lungs to the left atrium. Pulmonary _ carry de-oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the left and right lungs.
PULMONARY VEINS- carry oxygenated blood from right and left lungs to left atrium
PULMONARY ARTERIES- carry de-oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the left and right lungs
An _ is a localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery. Common sites?
An ANEURYSM is a localized abnormal dilation
Common sites:
THOARACIC AORTA
ABDOMINAL AORTA
VESSELS WITHIN THE BRAIN
Etiology of anuerysm: _ defect, weakness in the wall of the vessel often due to _ _, _ _ disease (ex. _ syndrome), _ or _.
Etiology: GENETIC defect, weakness in the wall of the vessel often due to CHRONIC HYPERTENSION, CONNECTIVE TISSUE disease (ex. MARFAN syndrome), TRAUMA or INFECTION
Signs and symptoms of aneurysm vary depending on? Aortic aneurysm are usually? Abdominal Aortic anuerysm? Cerebral aneurysm?
Vary depending upon site
Aortic aneurysm: usually asymptomatic, however can have generalized abdominal or low back pain
Abdominal aneurysm: may cause pulsations near the navel
Cerebral aneurysm: sudden and severe headache, nausea, vomiting, stiff necks, seizure, loss of consciousness, blurred vision
_ _ is transient precordial sensation of pressure or discomfort resulting from myocardial ischemia. What are the 3 common types?
ANGINA PECTORIS
3 types:
- stable angina
- unstable angina
- Prinzmetal (variant) angina
Describe stable angina. Responds to?
Occurs at predictable level of exertion, exercise or stress.
Responds to REST OR NITROGLYCERIN
Describe unstable angina.
Usually more intense than stable angina, lasts longer and is precipitated by less exertion, occurs spontaneously a test, is progressive, or any combination of these features .
_ _ occurs due to coronary artery spasm most often associated with _ _ _ .
PRINZMETAL (VARIANT) ANGINA occurs due to coronary artery spasm, most often associated with CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE.
Etiology of angina pectoris
Inadequate blood flow and oxygenation of the heart muscle mostly due to coronary artery disease
Signs and symptoms of angina include? May be associated with difficulty _, _ or _, _, _ or _. Typically triggered/ alleviated by?
Signs and symptoms: pressure, heaviness, fullness, squeezing, burning or aching behind the sternum. Can also be felt in the neck and back, jaw shoulders and arms.
May be associated with difficulty BREATHING, VOMITING OR NAUSEA, SWEATING, ANXIETY or FEAR.
Typically triggered by exertion or strong emotion and subsides with rest.
_ refers to a group of conditions that affect the myocardium, impairing the ability of the heart to contract and relax. Name the 3 types.
CARDIOMYOPATHY
3 TYPES:
- DILATED
- HYPERTROPHIC
- RESTRICTIVE
_ _, aka _ _ _, refers to hypertrophy of the right ventricle caused by altered structure or function of the lungs
COR PULMONALE
Cor pulmonale is caused by pulmonary _ from chronically increased _ to pulmonary _. Treatment?
Is caused by pulmonary HYPERTENSION from chronically increased RESISTANCE to pulmonary CIRCULATION
TREATMENT: O2 enough to keep sats greater than 90%, diuretics and anticoagulants
The cardinal symptom with Cor Pulmonale is progressive _ _ _, especially with _. Other signs?
Cardinal symptom is progressive SHORTNESS OF BREATH
Other signs include:
FATIGUE, PALPITATIONS, ATYPICAL CHEST PAIN, SWELLING OF LE, DIZZINESS, AND SYNCOPE.
_ _ _ is a progressive condition in which the heart cannot maintain a normal cardiac output to meet the body’s demand for blood and oxygen. Often develops after? Condition may be _ or _.
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
Offend develops after other conditions have damaged or weakened the heart.
Condition may be CHRONIC OR ACUTE
Shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, swelling in the legs, feet and abdomen, rapid or irregular heartbeat with S3 or S4 heart sound, persistent cough or wheezing, and weight gain from fluid retention are all?
Are all signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure/ heart failure
