Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

The volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole

A

End diastolic volume

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2
Q

In an average adult, EDV is about ___mL

A

150

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3
Q

The volume of blood pumped during systole

A

Stroke Volume

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4
Q

In an average person resting, stroke volume is about ___ mL

A

90

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5
Q

The portion (%) of blood pumped out of a filled ventricle during systole

A

Ejection Fraction (EF)

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6
Q

Normal EF is at least __%

A

50%

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7
Q

What is a key measure of overall heart function?

A

Ejection Fraction (EF)

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8
Q

The total volume of blood pumped per minute

A

Cardiac Output (CO)

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9
Q

Cardiac output = ___ x Heart Rate

A

Stroke Volume (SV)

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10
Q

The ___ law states that the amount of blood leaving the heart during systole = the amount of blood entering the heart during diastole

A

Frank-Starling

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11
Q

Formula for determining a person’s Maximum Heart Rate (MHR)?

A

Approx. 220 - their age

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12
Q

Formula for determining a person’s Target Heart Rate (the rate at which it is safe and effective to exercise aerobically)?

A

THR=MHR(.7)

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13
Q

The pressure the ventricles must overcome to open the aortic and pulmonary valves and push blood forward = ___

A

Afterload (must be greater than the peripheral blood pressure)

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14
Q

List the layers of the heart from internal to external (4)

A
  1. Endocardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Epicardium
  4. Pericardium
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15
Q

Closing of the AV valves (Tricuspid, Mitral) as diastole ends and systole begins produces the S__ sound

A

S1 (“Lub”)

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16
Q

AV valves are assisted by what two parts of the heart?

A
  1. Chorda tendinae

2. Papillary mm

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17
Q

Name the two semilunar valves

A
  1. Aortic

2. Pulmonary

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18
Q

Closing of the semilunar valves (aortic, pulmonary) as systole ends and diastole begins produces the S__ sound

A

S2 (“Dub”)

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19
Q

Name the 3 biggest coronary arteries:

A
  1. Left circumflex a
  2. Left anterior descending a
  3. Right coronary a
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20
Q

Which of the 3 largest coronary aa supplies the most blood to the myocardium?

A

Left anterior descending artery (about 45%)

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21
Q

< __bpm is considered bradycardia, while > __bpm is considered tachycardia

A

60, 100

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22
Q

Normal heart rate for a newborn child?

A

140bpm

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23
Q

Normal heart rate for a young child?

A

100-120bpm

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24
Q

____ stimulation (from T1-5) SPEEDS the heart rate and increases strength of contraction, while ____ stimulation from the ____ nerve SLOWS the heart rate and strength of contraction

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic - Vagus

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25
Q

____ refers to the contraction strength during systole, while ____ refers to the heart rate

A

Inotropic, chronotropic

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26
Q

Explain how the arterioles make up the difference when they may need 20-30 times more blood during exercise or exertion, but the heart is only capable of increasing output by 4-7 times

A

Arterioles CONSTRICT in visceral tissues and DILATE in muscles being used

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27
Q

The most common symptom associated with heart disease?

A

Chest pain

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28
Q

A coronary artery obstruction is known as ____

A

Angina

29
Q

“Squeezing of the chest” - caused by hypoxia in the myocardium secondary to coronary artery obstruction

A

Angina pectoris

30
Q

List the three causes of coronary artery obstruction:

A
  1. Atherosclerosis
  2. Spasm (of the artery)
  3. Blood clots
31
Q

If a patient indicates a hand or fist-sized area over the chest when asked where it hurts it is called ___ sign

A

Levine’s

32
Q

Common places for radiation of pain caused by angina pectoris?

A
  1. Left shoulder
  2. Left arm
  3. Neck/Jaw
  4. Back
33
Q

Angina is provoked more easily by performing physical activities in what two things?

A
  1. Cold weather

2. After a meal

34
Q

Angina discomfort should not last more than __ minutes. If it does, the patient could be having a myocardial infarction (MI-“heart attack”)

A

5

35
Q

What two things usually relieve symptoms of angina?

A
  1. Rest

2. Nitroglycerin

36
Q

Spasms in coronary arteries causing severe chest pain that may occur at night and without exertion is known as ____ angina

A

Variant (Prinzmetal’s)

37
Q

A lung clot is known as ____

A

Pulmonary embolism

38
Q

What is a common symptom of heart or circulation problem other than chest pain?

A

Shortness of breath (SOB)

39
Q

Dyspnea on Exertion (DOE-patient experiences unusual SOB during exertion) is the classic sign of ___ heart failure

A

Left

40
Q

Sudden breathlessness at night - patient may cough up frothy pink fluid and wheeze, is called?

A

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND)

41
Q

Dyspnea while lying down flat

A

Orthopnea

42
Q

____ is caused by fluid accumulating in the lungs during sleep (fluid was in ankles during the day). This is a classic sign of heart failure

A

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND)

43
Q

Protocol for checking for pitting edema is to press firmly for 5 seconds over what 3 areas?

A
  1. Dorsalis pedis area
  2. Posterior tibial area
  3. Shin
44
Q

Fancy name for loss of consciousness

A

Syncope

45
Q

Light-headedness can be called ____

A

Presyncope

46
Q

Simple fainting that is often a response to an emotional experience is called? - vasomotor center in hypothalamus activates strong muscle vasodilation, intense fatal stimulation of heart (will decrease heart rate and strength of contraction) causing arterial BP to drop instantly leading to loss of blood to the brain

A

Vasovagal syncope

47
Q

A seizure may also be called?

A

Convulsion (uncontrolled muscle contraction and relaxation causing shaking, blank stares, etc.)

48
Q

An uncomfortable awareness of the heartbeat - a feeling of thumping in the chest

A

Palpitations

49
Q

Palpitations are the most common symptom of patients who have ____

A

Arrhythmias

50
Q

Some palpitations can be relieved by _____ (as in a Valsalva maneuver)

A

Bearing down

51
Q

Intermittent claudication can also be called? (and maybe a better name)

A

Peripheral artery disease (PAD)

52
Q

A condition of acute peripheral circulatory failure due to derangement of circulatory control OR loss of blood

A

Shock

53
Q

Bleeding (external or internal) or dehydration (e.g. heat stroke) are causes of ___ shock

A

Hypovolemic

54
Q

An overwhelming infection (septic shock) or trauma (especially head trauma) are causes of ___ shock

A

Vasodilatory

55
Q

Heart attack (MI) or ventricular fibrillation are causes of ___ shock

A

Cardiogenic

56
Q

Name the diagnosis:

  • marked hypotension with rapid, weak pulse
  • pale, clammy, cold skin w/cyanosis, pallor
  • tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperventilation
  • anxiety, confusion, altered consciousness
A

Shock

57
Q

Sudden changes in vision, strength, coordination, speech or sensation which last only minutes, with a quick return to normal, which may indicate interrupted blood flow to the brain are called?

A

Transient ischemic attacks (TIA)

58
Q

Greek for “sudden darkness”. Refers to a sudden, temporary monocular blindness or partial blindness

A

Amaurosis fugax

60
Q

Symptoms that may indicate a heart or circulation problem? (8)

A
  1. Chest pain
  2. SOB
  3. Palpitations
  4. Fatigue
  5. Edema (swelling)
  6. Loss of consciousness
  7. Lightheadedness
  8. Limb pain
61
Q

The leading cause of preventable illness and cardiovascular deaths in the US?

A

Smoking

62
Q

Known as the “silent killer” because it seldom causes symptoms

A

High blood pressure (hypertension)

63
Q

Normal (ideal) blood pressure is?

A

<120 systolic AND <80 diastolic

64
Q

120-139 systolic OR 80-89 diastolic is considered?

A

Pre-HTN

65
Q

Stage 1 HTN blood pressure levels?

A

140-159 (S) OR 90-99 (D)

66
Q

Stage 2 HTN blood pressure levels?

A

<160 (S) OR >100 (D)

67
Q

T/F: transient ischemic attacks AND Amaurosis fugax should be considered a warning sign that a stroke may be immanent

A

TRUE

68
Q

A persistent elevation of the resistance to blood flow in the arterioles

A

Hypertension

69
Q

Which lipoprotein is considered the “bad” one?

A

LDL