Cardiovascular

Question 1

The volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole

Answer 1

End diastolic volume

Question 2

In an average adult, EDV is about ___mL

Answer 2

150

Question 3

The volume of blood pumped during systole

Answer 3

Stroke Volume

Question 4

In an average person resting, stroke volume is about ___ mL

Answer 4

90

Question 5

The portion (%) of blood pumped out of a filled ventricle during systole

Answer 5

Ejection Fraction (EF)

Question 6

Normal EF is at least __%

Answer 6

50%

Question 7

What is a key measure of overall heart function?

Answer 7

Ejection Fraction (EF)

Question 8

The total volume of blood pumped per minute

Answer 8

Cardiac Output (CO)

Question 9

Cardiac output = ___ x Heart Rate

Answer 9

Stroke Volume (SV)

Question 10

The ___ law states that the amount of blood leaving the heart during systole = the amount of blood entering the heart during diastole

Answer 10

Frank-Starling

Question 11

Formula for determining a person’s Maximum Heart Rate (MHR)?

Answer 11

Approx. 220 - their age

Question 12

Formula for determining a person’s Target Heart Rate (the rate at which it is safe and effective to exercise aerobically)?

Answer 12

THR=MHR(.7)

Question 13

The pressure the ventricles must overcome to open the aortic and pulmonary valves and push blood forward = ___

Answer 13

Afterload (must be greater than the peripheral blood pressure)

Question 14

List the layers of the heart from internal to external (4)

Answer 14

1. Endocardium
2. Myocardium
3. Epicardium
4. Pericardium

Question 15

Closing of the AV valves (Tricuspid, Mitral) as diastole ends and systole begins produces the S__ sound

Answer 15

S1 (“Lub”)

Question 16

AV valves are assisted by what two parts of the heart?

Answer 16

1. Chorda tendinae

2. Papillary mm

Question 17

Name the two semilunar valves

Answer 17

1. Aortic

2. Pulmonary

Question 18

Closing of the semilunar valves (aortic, pulmonary) as systole ends and diastole begins produces the S__ sound

Answer 18

S2 (“Dub”)

Question 19

Name the 3 biggest coronary arteries:

Answer 19

1. Left circumflex a
2. Left anterior descending a
3. Right coronary a

Question 20

Which of the 3 largest coronary aa supplies the most blood to the myocardium?

Answer 20

Left anterior descending artery (about 45%)

Question 21

< __bpm is considered bradycardia, while > __bpm is considered tachycardia

Answer 21

60, 100

Question 22

Normal heart rate for a newborn child?

Answer 22

140bpm

Question 23

Normal heart rate for a young child?

Answer 23

100-120bpm

Question 24

____ stimulation (from T1-5) SPEEDS the heart rate and increases strength of contraction, while ____ stimulation from the ____ nerve SLOWS the heart rate and strength of contraction

Answer 24

Sympathetic, parasympathetic - Vagus

Question 25

____ refers to the contraction strength during systole, while ____ refers to the heart rate

Answer 25

Inotropic, chronotropic

Question 26

Explain how the arterioles make up the difference when they may need 20-30 times more blood during exercise or exertion, but the heart is only capable of increasing output by 4-7 times

Answer 26

Arterioles CONSTRICT in visceral tissues and DILATE in muscles being used

Question 27

The most common symptom associated with heart disease?

Answer 27

Chest pain

Question 28

A coronary artery obstruction is known as ____

Answer 28

Angina

Question 29

“Squeezing of the chest” - caused by hypoxia in the myocardium secondary to coronary artery obstruction

Answer 29

Angina pectoris

Question 30

List the three causes of coronary artery obstruction:

Answer 30

1. Atherosclerosis 2. Spasm (of the artery) 3. Blood clots

Question 31

If a patient indicates a hand or fist-sized area over the chest when asked where it hurts it is called ___ sign

Answer 31

Levine’s

Question 32

Common places for radiation of pain caused by angina pectoris?

Answer 32

1. Left shoulder 2. Left arm 3. Neck/Jaw 4. Back

Question 33

Angina is provoked more easily by performing physical activities in what two things?

Answer 33

1. Cold weather | 2. After a meal

Question 34

Angina discomfort should not last more than __ minutes. If it does, the patient could be having a myocardial infarction (MI-“heart attack”)

Answer 34

5

Question 35

What two things usually relieve symptoms of angina?

Answer 35

1. Rest | 2. Nitroglycerin

Question 36

Spasms in coronary arteries causing severe chest pain that may occur at night and without exertion is known as ____ angina

Answer 36

Variant (Prinzmetal’s)

Question 37

A lung clot is known as ____

Answer 37

Pulmonary embolism

Question 38

What is a common symptom of heart or circulation problem other than chest pain?

Answer 38

Shortness of breath (SOB)

Question 39

Dyspnea on Exertion (DOE-patient experiences unusual SOB during exertion) is the classic sign of ___ heart failure

Answer 39

Left

Question 40

Sudden breathlessness at night - patient may cough up frothy pink fluid and wheeze, is called?

Answer 40

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND)

Question 41

Dyspnea while lying down flat

Answer 41

Orthopnea

Question 42

____ is caused by fluid accumulating in the lungs during sleep (fluid was in ankles during the day). This is a classic sign of heart failure

Answer 42

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND)

Question 43

Protocol for checking for pitting edema is to press firmly for 5 seconds over what 3 areas?

Answer 43

1. Dorsalis pedis area 2. Posterior tibial area 3. Shin

Question 44

Fancy name for loss of consciousness

Answer 44

Syncope

Question 45

Light-headedness can be called ____

Answer 45

Presyncope

Question 46

Simple fainting that is often a response to an emotional experience is called? - vasomotor center in hypothalamus activates strong muscle vasodilation, intense fatal stimulation of heart (will decrease heart rate and strength of contraction) causing arterial BP to drop instantly leading to loss of blood to the brain

Answer 46

Vasovagal syncope

Question 47

A seizure may also be called?

Answer 47

Convulsion (uncontrolled muscle contraction and relaxation causing shaking, blank stares, etc.)

Question 48

An uncomfortable awareness of the heartbeat - a feeling of thumping in the chest

Answer 48

Palpitations

Question 49

Palpitations are the most common symptom of patients who have ____

Answer 49

Arrhythmias

Question 50

Some palpitations can be relieved by _____ (as in a Valsalva maneuver)

Answer 50

Bearing down

Question 51

Intermittent claudication can also be called? (and maybe a better name)

Answer 51

Peripheral artery disease (PAD)

Question 52

A condition of acute peripheral circulatory failure due to derangement of circulatory control OR loss of blood

Answer 52

Shock

Question 53

Bleeding (external or internal) or dehydration (e.g. heat stroke) are causes of ___ shock

Answer 53

Hypovolemic

Question 54

An overwhelming infection (septic shock) or trauma (especially head trauma) are causes of ___ shock

Answer 54

Vasodilatory

Question 55

Heart attack (MI) or ventricular fibrillation are causes of ___ shock

Answer 55

Cardiogenic

Question 56

Name the diagnosis: - marked hypotension with rapid, weak pulse - pale, clammy, cold skin w/cyanosis, pallor - tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperventilation - anxiety, confusion, altered consciousness

Answer 56

Shock

Question 57

Sudden changes in vision, strength, coordination, speech or sensation which last only minutes, with a quick return to normal, which may indicate interrupted blood flow to the brain are called?

Answer 57

Transient ischemic attacks (TIA)

Question 58

Greek for “sudden darkness”. Refers to a sudden, temporary monocular blindness or partial blindness

Answer 58

Amaurosis fugax

Question 60

Symptoms that may indicate a heart or circulation problem? (8)

Answer 60

1. Chest pain 2. SOB 3. Palpitations 4. Fatigue 5. Edema (swelling) 6. Loss of consciousness 7. Lightheadedness 8. Limb pain

Question 61

The leading cause of preventable illness and cardiovascular deaths in the US?

Answer 61

Smoking

Question 62

Known as the “silent killer” because it seldom causes symptoms

Answer 62

High blood pressure (hypertension)

Question 63

Normal (ideal) blood pressure is?

Answer 63

<120 systolic AND <80 diastolic

Question 64

120-139 systolic OR 80-89 diastolic is considered?

Answer 64

Pre-HTN

Question 65

Stage 1 HTN blood pressure levels?

Answer 65

140-159 (S) OR 90-99 (D)

Question 66

Stage 2 HTN blood pressure levels?

Answer 66

<160 (S) OR >100 (D)

Question 67

T/F: transient ischemic attacks AND Amaurosis fugax should be considered a warning sign that a stroke may be immanent

Answer 67

TRUE

Question 68

A persistent elevation of the resistance to blood flow in the arterioles

Answer 68

Hypertension

Question 69

Which lipoprotein is considered the “bad” one?

Answer 69

LDL