Cardiovascular Flashcards
The volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole
End diastolic volume
In an average adult, EDV is about ___mL
150
The volume of blood pumped during systole
Stroke Volume
In an average person resting, stroke volume is about ___ mL
90
The portion (%) of blood pumped out of a filled ventricle during systole
Ejection Fraction (EF)
Normal EF is at least __%
50%
What is a key measure of overall heart function?
Ejection Fraction (EF)
The total volume of blood pumped per minute
Cardiac Output (CO)
Cardiac output = ___ x Heart Rate
Stroke Volume (SV)
The ___ law states that the amount of blood leaving the heart during systole = the amount of blood entering the heart during diastole
Frank-Starling
Formula for determining a person’s Maximum Heart Rate (MHR)?
Approx. 220 - their age
Formula for determining a person’s Target Heart Rate (the rate at which it is safe and effective to exercise aerobically)?
THR=MHR(.7)
The pressure the ventricles must overcome to open the aortic and pulmonary valves and push blood forward = ___
Afterload (must be greater than the peripheral blood pressure)
List the layers of the heart from internal to external (4)
- Endocardium
- Myocardium
- Epicardium
- Pericardium
Closing of the AV valves (Tricuspid, Mitral) as diastole ends and systole begins produces the S__ sound
S1 (“Lub”)
AV valves are assisted by what two parts of the heart?
- Chorda tendinae
2. Papillary mm
Name the two semilunar valves
- Aortic
2. Pulmonary
Closing of the semilunar valves (aortic, pulmonary) as systole ends and diastole begins produces the S__ sound
S2 (“Dub”)
Name the 3 biggest coronary arteries:
- Left circumflex a
- Left anterior descending a
- Right coronary a
Which of the 3 largest coronary aa supplies the most blood to the myocardium?
Left anterior descending artery (about 45%)
< __bpm is considered bradycardia, while > __bpm is considered tachycardia
60, 100
Normal heart rate for a newborn child?
140bpm
Normal heart rate for a young child?
100-120bpm
____ stimulation (from T1-5) SPEEDS the heart rate and increases strength of contraction, while ____ stimulation from the ____ nerve SLOWS the heart rate and strength of contraction
Sympathetic, parasympathetic - Vagus
____ refers to the contraction strength during systole, while ____ refers to the heart rate
Inotropic, chronotropic
Explain how the arterioles make up the difference when they may need 20-30 times more blood during exercise or exertion, but the heart is only capable of increasing output by 4-7 times
Arterioles CONSTRICT in visceral tissues and DILATE in muscles being used
The most common symptom associated with heart disease?
Chest pain
A coronary artery obstruction is known as ____
Angina
“Squeezing of the chest” - caused by hypoxia in the myocardium secondary to coronary artery obstruction
Angina pectoris
List the three causes of coronary artery obstruction:
- Atherosclerosis
- Spasm (of the artery)
- Blood clots
If a patient indicates a hand or fist-sized area over the chest when asked where it hurts it is called ___ sign
Levine’s
Common places for radiation of pain caused by angina pectoris?
- Left shoulder
- Left arm
- Neck/Jaw
- Back
Angina is provoked more easily by performing physical activities in what two things?
- Cold weather
2. After a meal
Angina discomfort should not last more than __ minutes. If it does, the patient could be having a myocardial infarction (MI-“heart attack”)
5
What two things usually relieve symptoms of angina?
- Rest
2. Nitroglycerin
Spasms in coronary arteries causing severe chest pain that may occur at night and without exertion is known as ____ angina
Variant (Prinzmetal’s)
A lung clot is known as ____
Pulmonary embolism
What is a common symptom of heart or circulation problem other than chest pain?
Shortness of breath (SOB)
Dyspnea on Exertion (DOE-patient experiences unusual SOB during exertion) is the classic sign of ___ heart failure
Left
Sudden breathlessness at night - patient may cough up frothy pink fluid and wheeze, is called?
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND)
Dyspnea while lying down flat
Orthopnea
____ is caused by fluid accumulating in the lungs during sleep (fluid was in ankles during the day). This is a classic sign of heart failure
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND)
Protocol for checking for pitting edema is to press firmly for 5 seconds over what 3 areas?
- Dorsalis pedis area
- Posterior tibial area
- Shin
Fancy name for loss of consciousness
Syncope
Light-headedness can be called ____
Presyncope
Simple fainting that is often a response to an emotional experience is called? - vasomotor center in hypothalamus activates strong muscle vasodilation, intense fatal stimulation of heart (will decrease heart rate and strength of contraction) causing arterial BP to drop instantly leading to loss of blood to the brain
Vasovagal syncope
A seizure may also be called?
Convulsion (uncontrolled muscle contraction and relaxation causing shaking, blank stares, etc.)
An uncomfortable awareness of the heartbeat - a feeling of thumping in the chest
Palpitations
Palpitations are the most common symptom of patients who have ____
Arrhythmias
Some palpitations can be relieved by _____ (as in a Valsalva maneuver)
Bearing down
Intermittent claudication can also be called? (and maybe a better name)
Peripheral artery disease (PAD)
A condition of acute peripheral circulatory failure due to derangement of circulatory control OR loss of blood
Shock
Bleeding (external or internal) or dehydration (e.g. heat stroke) are causes of ___ shock
Hypovolemic
An overwhelming infection (septic shock) or trauma (especially head trauma) are causes of ___ shock
Vasodilatory
Heart attack (MI) or ventricular fibrillation are causes of ___ shock
Cardiogenic
Name the diagnosis:
- marked hypotension with rapid, weak pulse
- pale, clammy, cold skin w/cyanosis, pallor
- tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperventilation
- anxiety, confusion, altered consciousness
Shock
Sudden changes in vision, strength, coordination, speech or sensation which last only minutes, with a quick return to normal, which may indicate interrupted blood flow to the brain are called?
Transient ischemic attacks (TIA)
Greek for “sudden darkness”. Refers to a sudden, temporary monocular blindness or partial blindness
Amaurosis fugax
Symptoms that may indicate a heart or circulation problem? (8)
- Chest pain
- SOB
- Palpitations
- Fatigue
- Edema (swelling)
- Loss of consciousness
- Lightheadedness
- Limb pain
The leading cause of preventable illness and cardiovascular deaths in the US?
Smoking
Known as the “silent killer” because it seldom causes symptoms
High blood pressure (hypertension)
Normal (ideal) blood pressure is?
<120 systolic AND <80 diastolic
120-139 systolic OR 80-89 diastolic is considered?
Pre-HTN
Stage 1 HTN blood pressure levels?
140-159 (S) OR 90-99 (D)
Stage 2 HTN blood pressure levels?
<160 (S) OR >100 (D)
T/F: transient ischemic attacks AND Amaurosis fugax should be considered a warning sign that a stroke may be immanent
TRUE
A persistent elevation of the resistance to blood flow in the arterioles
Hypertension
Which lipoprotein is considered the “bad” one?
LDL
