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Histology II/III > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A
  1. Epicardium
    1. Mesothelial Lining
    2. Connective Tissue
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
    1. Endothelium
    2. Subendothelial Connective Tissue
    3. Impulse-Conducting System
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2
Q

What are the components of the cardiac skeleton and explain their structure and function?

A
  • Fibrous skeleton supports heart walls and extend into the valves
  • Internal Fibrous Skeleton
    • Consists of 4 Fibrous Rings
      • Pulmonary Trunk
      • Aorta
      • Left AV Ring
      • Right AV Ring
    • Consists of 2 Trigones
      • Left Fibrous Trigone - connects Left AV Ring and Aortic Fibrous Ring
      • Right Fibrous Trigone - connects Left and Right AV Fibrous Rings
  • Membranous Part
    • Part of Interventricular septum composed of dense irregular connective tissue (Contains part of AV Bundle)
  • Valves
    • Composed of CT covered by endothelium
    • Composed of 3 Layers:
      • Fibrosa (Ventricular Side)
        • Dense IR CT connected to corresponding fibrous ring
      • Spongiosa
        • Loose CT w/ large amounts of elastic fibers
        • Most prominent in free edge of valve
        • Acts as a shock-absorber
        • May contain a few adipose tissue cells
      • Atrialis (Atrial Side)
        • Rich in proteoglycans
        • Contains elastic fibers and occasional smooth muscle cells
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3
Q

Describe the histological structure of valves.

A
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4
Q

Describe the cardiac conducting system.

A
  • Composed of Purkinje Fibers (Modified Cardiac Muscle Cells)
    • Form nodes and bundles
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5
Q

Describe myocardial infarctions.

A

Caused by obstruction of coronary arteries and loss of blood supply to the cardiac muscle for more than 20 minutes

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6
Q

Describe myocarditis.

A

Inflammation of the myocardium caused by infection or intoxication

Causes inflammatory changes to cardiac muscle

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7
Q

Describe myxoma

A

Common benign tumor of the heart commonly found in the left atrium, best identified by ECG

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8
Q

Describe malignant tumors of the heart

A

Usually originate elsewhere and metastasize to the heart, most common is melanoma

Angiosarcoma is one rare tumor that originates in the heart and accounts for about 1/3 of the malignant tumors that originate in the heart

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9
Q

Describe cardiomyopathies

A

Results in the change in the structure of the cardiac muscle and weakens the heart

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10
Q

Describe the general structure of a blood vessel wall including the three tunics

A
  1. Composed of three layers
    1. Tunica Intima
      1. Endothelium w/ basal lamina lines luminal surface, represent barrier b/t blood and underlying tissue and provide:
        1. Non-Thrombogenic Barrier
          1. Produce anticoagulants
          2. Damage results in release of prothrombogenic agents
        2. Selective permeability
          1. Transcellular Active Pathway
            1. Pinocytic vesicles or caveolae (clathrin-independent)
            2. Clathrin-Dependent transport LDL and cholesterol
          2. Paracellular Passive Pathway
            1. Across Zonula Occludens
        3. Control Blood Flow
          1. Vasoconstrictors
            1. ACE, Endothelin, and Thromboxane
          2. Vasodilators
            1. NO or Prostacyclin
        4. Regulate/Modulate Immune Responses
          1. Regulate lymphocyte adehesion
            1. IL-1, IL-6, IL-8
        5. Express High Metabolic/Hormonal Activity
          1. Secrete various growth factors
            1. CSF, PDGF, TGF-ß
          2. Convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II
      2. Subendothelial layer composed of loose connective tissue
      3. Internal elastic lamina separate intima from media
    2. Tunica Media
      1. Mostly circular arranged smooth muscle (well developed in arteries)
      2. External elastic lamina separates media from adventitia
    3. Tunica Adventitia
      1. Longitudinally arranged smooth muscle
      2. Loose CT
      3. Vasa vasorum
      4. Nervi vasorum
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11
Q

Classify and describe the arteries

A
  • Three Major Types
    • Large Elastic
      • Conducting Vessels
    • Muscular Arteries
      • Distributing Vessels
    • Small Arteries and Arterioles
      • Resistance Vessels
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12
Q

Large Elastic Arteries

A
  1. Tunica Intima
    1. Endothelium
      1. Weibel-Palade Bodies (Contain von Willebrand Factor)
    2. Subendothelial
      1. Collagen and Elastic Fibers
    3. Internal Elastic Lamina (Inconspicuous)
  2. Tunica Media (Extremely Thick)
    1. Numerous Elastic Lamellae
    2. Circularly Arranged Smooth Muscle
  3. Tunica Adventitia (Relatively Thin)
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13
Q

Muscular Arteries

A
  1. Tunica Intima (Thinner than large arteries)
    1. Thin subendothelial layer
    2. Prominent Internal Elastic Lamina
  2. Tunica Media (Very few elastic lamellae)
    1. Thicker than adventitia
    2. Mostly circular smooth muscle
    3. External Elastic Lamina well developed
  3. Tunica Adventitia (Well-developed)
    1. Small number of vasa vasorum
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14
Q

Small Arteries and Arterioles

A
  1. Small Arteries
    1. Up to 8 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media
    2. Typically an internal elastic lamina is present
  2. Arterioles
    1. 1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media
    2. Internal elastic lamin not well developed
    3. Control blood flow to capillary network
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15
Q

Classify and describe the capillaries

A
  • Smallest vessels in body
  • Don’t exhibit typical three tunics
  • Types:
    • Continuous
    • Fenestrated
    • Discontinuous
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16
Q

Continuous Capillaries

A
  1. Found in muscle tissue, lung, and CNS
  2. Characterized by occluding junctions b/t cells
  3. Basal lamina is continuous
17
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A
  • Found primarily in tissues where there is substantial fluid transport
    • Intestinal villi, choroid plexus, renal glomeruli, endocrine organs
  • Characterized by presence of many small fenestrations in endothelial cells (NOT basal lamina)
18
Q

Discontinuous Capillaries

A
  • Large capillaries found in specialized organs
    • Liver, Spleen, and Bone Marrow
  • Basal Lamina is fenestrated
19
Q

Classify and describe the veins

A
  1. Three Major Types
    1. Large Veins
    2. Medium Veins
    3. Small Veins
20
Q

Small Veins/Venules

A
  1. Postcapillary Venules
    1. Receive blood from capillaries
    2. NO tunica media
    3. Principal site of emigration of WBCs
    4. Postcapilly venules of lymphatic organs are call high endothelial venules
  2. Muscular Venules
    1. Collect blood from postcapillary venules
    2. Can be up to 1mm in diameter
    3. Very little smooth muscle in tunica media
21
Q

Medium Veins

A
  • Less than 1 cm in diameter
  • Three Tunics Observable
    • Tunica Intima
      • Very thin subendothelial
      • Very thin internal elastic lamina
    • Tunica Media
      • Thinner than in arteries
      • Thinner than tunica adventitia (Different from artery of same size)
    • Tunica Adventitia
      • Thicker than Media
  • Collect blood from muscular venules
22
Q

Large Veins

A
  • More than 1 cm in diameter
  • Deliver blood to heart
  • Tunics observable
    • Boundaries not as distinct as in medium veins
    • Tunica Intima
      • Subendothelial CT thicker
      • Internal Elastic Membrane is prominent
    • Tunica Media (Inconspicous)
    • Tunica Adventitia
      • Extremely well-developed
      • Longitudinal smooth muscle
23
Q

Describe the structure and function of lymphatic vessels

A
  • Convey fluid from tissues to large veins
  • Lymphatic capillaries
    • Greater permeability than blood capillaries
    • Most common in Loose CT
  • Lymphatic vessels
    • Collect from Lymphatic Capillaries

Histology II/III (3 decks)

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