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USMLE Step 1 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Gives rise to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

A

Truncus Arteriosus

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2
Q

Gives rise to smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles

A

Conus Cordis (of Bulbus Cordis)

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3
Q

Gives rise to the atrial septum, membranous ventricular septum, and AV and semilunar valves

A

Endocardial Cushions

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4
Q

Gives rise to the trabeculated part of the left and right atria

A

Primitive atrium

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5
Q

Gives rise to the trabeculated part of the left and right ventricles

A

Primitive ventricle

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6
Q

Gives rise to the smooth part of the left atrium

A

Primitive pulmonary vein

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7
Q

Gives rise to the coronary sinus

A

Left horn of sinus venosus

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8
Q

Gives rise to the smooth part of the right atrium (sinus venarum)

A

Right horn of sinus venosus

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9
Q

Gives rise to the superior vena cava

A

Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein

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10
Q

The first functional organ in vertebrate embryos and beats spontaneously by week 4 of development

A

Heart

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11
Q

The primary heart tube loops to establish left-right polarity. This begins in

A

Week 4 of gestation

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12
Q

Defects in left-right dynein (involved in L/R asymmetry) can lead to

-as seen in Kartagener syndrome (primary ciliary diskinesia)

A

Dextrocardia

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13
Q

To separate the chambers, septum primum begins growing towards the

A

Endocardial cushions

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14
Q

Forms before foramen primum fully closes to keep the right to left connection between atria established prenatally

A

Foramen secundum

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15
Q

Develops as foramen secundum maintains left to right shunt

A

Septum secundum

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16
Q

Expands and covers most of the rest of foramen secundum

A

Septum secundum

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17
Q

The opening formed by septum primum bending away from septum secundum under the prenatal right to left pressure gradient

A

Foramen Ovale

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18
Q

Caused by a failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth

-most are left untreated

A

Patent foramen ovale

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19
Q

CPatent foramen ovale can lead to a venous thromboemboli that enters systemic arterial circulation. These are called

-Similar to those developed in ASD

A

Paradoxical emboli

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20
Q

The muscular interventricular septum forms. The remaining opening between ventricles is called the

A

Interventricular foramen

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21
Q

Rotates and fuses with the muscular ventricular septum to form the membranous interventricular septum, effectively closing the interventricular foramen

A

Aorticopulmonary septum

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22
Q

Separates atria form ventricles and contributes to both atrial septation and membranous portion of the interventricular septum

A

Growth of endocardial cushions

23
Q

What are three conotruncal abnormalities that are associated with failure of neural crest cells to migrate?

A
  1. ) Transposition of the great vessels
  2. ) Tetralogy of Falot
  3. ) Persistent truncus arteriosus
24
Q

Derived from endocardial cushions of the outflow tract

A

Aortic/pulmonary valves

25
Q

Derived from fused endocardial cushions of the AV canal

A

Mitral and tricuspid valves

26
Q

May be stenotic, regurgitant, atretic (ex. tricuspid atresia), or displaced (ex. Ebstein anomaly)

A

Valvular anomalies

27
Q

In the fetus. Blood in the umbilical vein has a

  1. ) PO2 of?
  2. ) O2 saturation of?
A
  1. ) 30mmHg

2. ) 80%

28
Q

Have low O2 saturation

A

Umbilical arteries

29
Q

Blood entering the fetus through the umbilical vein is conducted into the IVC, bypassing hepatic circulation, by the

A

Ductus Venosus

30
Q

Most of the highly oxygenated blood reaching the heart via the IVC is directed through the

A

Foramen ovale

31
Q

What is the path of deoxygenated blood from the SVC?

A

SVC –> RA –> RV –> main pulmonary artery –> patent ductus arteriosus –> descending aorta

32
Q

Due to the high fetal pulmonary artery resistance (due partly to low O2 tension)

A

Shunting of blood through ductus arteriosus

33
Q

At birth, the infant takes a breath which decreases resistance in pulmonary vasculature and increases left atrial pressure thus closing the

A

Foramen ovale

34
Q

What is the result of increased O2 and decreased prostaglandins in the infant?

A

Closure of ductus arteriosus

35
Q

Helps to close a patent ductus arteriosus and form the ligamentum arteriosum by decreasing prostaglandin levels

A

Indomethacin

36
Q

Help to kEEp a patent ductus arteriosus open

A

Prostaglandins E1 and E2

37
Q

The fetal allantois and urachus are obliterated and become the

A

Median umbilical ligament

38
Q

After birth, the ductus arteriosus becomes the

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

39
Q

After birth, the ductus venosus becomes the

A

Ligamentum venosum

40
Q

After birth, the foramen ovale becomes the

A

Fossa ovalis

41
Q

The prenatal notochord becomes the postnatal

A

Nucleus pulposus

42
Q

After birth, the umbilical arteries are obliterated and become the

A

Medial umbilical ligament

43
Q

After birth, the umbilical vein is obliterated and becomes the

A

Ligamentum teres hepatis

44
Q

The SA and AV nodes are typically supplied by the

A

RCA

45
Q

An infart may cause nodal dysfunction such as

A

Bradycardia or heart block

46
Q

When the posterior descending artery (PDA) develops from the right coronary artery (RCA)

A

Right dominant circulation (85%)

47
Q

When the LAD artery arises from the left circumflex artery (LCX)

A

Left dominant circulation (8%)

48
Q

When the PDA arieses from the RCA and LCX

A

Co-dominant circulation (7%)

49
Q

Coronary artery occlusions most commonly occurs in the

A

LAD

50
Q

Coronary blood flow peaks in early

A

Diastole

51
Q

The most posterior portion of the heart is the left atrium, and enlargement of the left atrium can cause

A

Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) due to compression of the esophagus

52
Q

Enlargement of the left atrium can also cause hoarseness due to compression of the

A

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of left vagus)

53
Q

From outer to inner, what are the three levels of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium, parietal layer of serous pericardium, and visceral layer of serous pericardium

54
Q

Lies between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium

A

Pericardial cavity

USMLE Step 1 (2 decks)

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