Cardiovascular Flashcards
Gives rise to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
Truncus Arteriosus
Gives rise to smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles
Conus Cordis (of Bulbus Cordis)
Gives rise to the atrial septum, membranous ventricular septum, and AV and semilunar valves
Endocardial Cushions
Gives rise to the trabeculated part of the left and right atria
Primitive atrium
Gives rise to the trabeculated part of the left and right ventricles
Primitive ventricle
Gives rise to the smooth part of the left atrium
Primitive pulmonary vein
Gives rise to the coronary sinus
Left horn of sinus venosus
Gives rise to the smooth part of the right atrium (sinus venarum)
Right horn of sinus venosus
Gives rise to the superior vena cava
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
The first functional organ in vertebrate embryos and beats spontaneously by week 4 of development
Heart
The primary heart tube loops to establish left-right polarity. This begins in
Week 4 of gestation
Defects in left-right dynein (involved in L/R asymmetry) can lead to
-as seen in Kartagener syndrome (primary ciliary diskinesia)
Dextrocardia
To separate the chambers, septum primum begins growing towards the
Endocardial cushions
Forms before foramen primum fully closes to keep the right to left connection between atria established prenatally
Foramen secundum
Develops as foramen secundum maintains left to right shunt
Septum secundum
Expands and covers most of the rest of foramen secundum
Septum secundum
The opening formed by septum primum bending away from septum secundum under the prenatal right to left pressure gradient
Foramen Ovale
Caused by a failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth
-most are left untreated
Patent foramen ovale
CPatent foramen ovale can lead to a venous thromboemboli that enters systemic arterial circulation. These are called
-Similar to those developed in ASD
Paradoxical emboli
The muscular interventricular septum forms. The remaining opening between ventricles is called the
Interventricular foramen
Rotates and fuses with the muscular ventricular septum to form the membranous interventricular septum, effectively closing the interventricular foramen
Aorticopulmonary septum
Separates atria form ventricles and contributes to both atrial septation and membranous portion of the interventricular septum
Growth of endocardial cushions
What are three conotruncal abnormalities that are associated with failure of neural crest cells to migrate?
- ) Transposition of the great vessels
- ) Tetralogy of Falot
- ) Persistent truncus arteriosus
Derived from endocardial cushions of the outflow tract
Aortic/pulmonary valves
Derived from fused endocardial cushions of the AV canal
Mitral and tricuspid valves
May be stenotic, regurgitant, atretic (ex. tricuspid atresia), or displaced (ex. Ebstein anomaly)
Valvular anomalies
In the fetus. Blood in the umbilical vein has a
- ) PO2 of?
- ) O2 saturation of?
- ) 30mmHg
2. ) 80%
Have low O2 saturation
Umbilical arteries
Blood entering the fetus through the umbilical vein is conducted into the IVC, bypassing hepatic circulation, by the
Ductus Venosus
Most of the highly oxygenated blood reaching the heart via the IVC is directed through the
Foramen ovale
What is the path of deoxygenated blood from the SVC?
SVC –> RA –> RV –> main pulmonary artery –> patent ductus arteriosus –> descending aorta
Due to the high fetal pulmonary artery resistance (due partly to low O2 tension)
Shunting of blood through ductus arteriosus
At birth, the infant takes a breath which decreases resistance in pulmonary vasculature and increases left atrial pressure thus closing the
Foramen ovale
What is the result of increased O2 and decreased prostaglandins in the infant?
Closure of ductus arteriosus
Helps to close a patent ductus arteriosus and form the ligamentum arteriosum by decreasing prostaglandin levels
Indomethacin
Help to kEEp a patent ductus arteriosus open
Prostaglandins E1 and E2
The fetal allantois and urachus are obliterated and become the
Median umbilical ligament
After birth, the ductus arteriosus becomes the
Ligamentum arteriosum
After birth, the ductus venosus becomes the
Ligamentum venosum
After birth, the foramen ovale becomes the
Fossa ovalis
The prenatal notochord becomes the postnatal
Nucleus pulposus
After birth, the umbilical arteries are obliterated and become the
Medial umbilical ligament
After birth, the umbilical vein is obliterated and becomes the
Ligamentum teres hepatis
The SA and AV nodes are typically supplied by the
RCA
An infart may cause nodal dysfunction such as
Bradycardia or heart block
When the posterior descending artery (PDA) develops from the right coronary artery (RCA)
Right dominant circulation (85%)
When the LAD artery arises from the left circumflex artery (LCX)
Left dominant circulation (8%)
When the PDA arieses from the RCA and LCX
Co-dominant circulation (7%)
Coronary artery occlusions most commonly occurs in the
LAD
Coronary blood flow peaks in early
Diastole
The most posterior portion of the heart is the left atrium, and enlargement of the left atrium can cause
Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) due to compression of the esophagus
Enlargement of the left atrium can also cause hoarseness due to compression of the
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of left vagus)
From outer to inner, what are the three levels of the pericardium?
Fibrous pericardium, parietal layer of serous pericardium, and visceral layer of serous pericardium
Lies between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium
Pericardial cavity
