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Year 1 EMQ revision > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Irregularly Irregular Pulse

A

Atrial Fibrillation

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2
Q

Slow-rising pulse

A

Aortic Stenosis

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3
Q

Collapsing Pulse

A

Aortic Regurgitation

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4
Q

Bounding Pulse

A

Acute CO2 retention, Hepatic failure, sepsis

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5
Q

Radiofemoral Delay

A

Coarction of aorta

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6
Q

Jerky Pulse

A

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, Mitral Regurgitation

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7
Q

Pulsus bisferiens

A

Mixed aortic valve disease, Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

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8
Q

Pulsus Paradoxus

A

Constrictive pericarditis, cardiac tamponade

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9
Q

Raised, Fixed JVP

A

Superior vena cava obstruction

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10
Q

JVP rising on inspiration

A

Cardiac Tamponade, Constrictive pericarditis

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11
Q

Large v waves

A

Tricuspid regurgitation

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12
Q

Absent a waves

A

atrial fibrillation

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13
Q

Cannon a waves

A

Complete heart block, atrioventricular (AV) dissociation, ventricular arrhythmias

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14
Q

Describe mitral stenosis

A

Tapping Apex Beat
Loud first heart sound
Rumbling mid-diastolic murmur at apex (louder in left lateral position on expiration)

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15
Q

Describe Aortic Regurgitation

A

Wide pulse pressure
Displaced, volume overloaded apex beat
Early diastolic murmur at lower sternal edge (best heard in expiration leaning forward)

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16
Q

Describe Mitral Regurgitation

A

Displaces, volume overloaded apex beat
Soft first heart sound
Pansystolic murmur at apex radiating to axilla (louder in expiration)

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17
Q

Describe Tricuspid Regurgitation

A

Large systolic v waves

Pansystolic murmur lower left sternal edge (best heard un inspiration)

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18
Q

Describe Aortic Stenosis

A

Narrow Pulse pressure
Heaving undisplaced apex beat
Soft second heart sound
Ejection systolic murmur heard in aortic area radiating to carotids and apex

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19
Q

Describe Ventricular Septal Defect

A

Harsh pansystolic murmur lower left sternal edge

Left parasternal heave

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20
Q

Malar (cheek) flush

A

Mitral stenosis

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21
Q

Pulsatile hepatomegaly

A

Tricuspid regurgitation

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22
Q

Carotid pulsation (corrigans sign)

A

Aortic regurgitation

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23
Q

Head nodding (de musset’s sign)

A

Aortic regurgitation

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24
Q

Capillary pulsations in nail bed (quincke’s sign)

A

Aortic regurgitation

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25
Q

Pistol-shot heart over femora’s (Traube’s sign)

A

Aortic regurgitation

26
Q

Roth spots (boat-shaped retinal haemorrhages)

A

Infective endocarditis

27
Q

Osler’s nodes (painful hard swellings on fingers/toes)

A

Infective endocarditis

28
Q

Janeway Lesions (painless erythematous blanching seen on palmar surface)

A

Infective endocarditis

29
Q

Describe atrial septal defect

A

Wide, fixed split second heart sound.

Ejection systolic murmur in second, third intercostal space

30
Q

Describe Ventricular septal defect

A

Harsh Pansystolic murmur left sternal edge

31
Q

Describe Coarction of aorta

A

Radiofemoral delay, hypertension

32
Q

Describe Patent ductus arteriosus

A

Continuous machinery murmur below left clavicle

33
Q

Describe transposition of great vessels

A

Cyanosis first day of life, Chest radiograph shows egg-shaped ventricles

34
Q

Describe Tetralogy of fallot

A

Cyanosis first month of life

Chest radiograph shows boot shaped heart

35
Q

Saw tooth pattern with normal complexes

A

atrial flutter

36
Q

absent P wave

A

Atrial fibrillation

Sinoatrial block

37
Q

Bifid P wave

A

Left atrial hypertrophy e.g. mitral stenosis

38
Q

Peaked P wave

A

Right atrial hypertrophy e.g. pulmonary hypertension, tricuspid stenosis

39
Q

ST depression

A

Myocardial ischaemia

40
Q

ST elevation

A

Acute MI

Left ventricular aneurysm

41
Q

Saddle shaped ST elevation

A

Acute constrictive pericarditis

42
Q

S I, Q III, T III pattern (deep S waves in I, Q waves in III, inverted T waves in III)

A

Acute constrictive pericarditis

Pulmonary embolus

43
Q

Tall tented ‘t’ waves, wide QRS

complex (sine wave)

A

Hyperkalaemia

44
Q

Flattened ‘t’ waves, prominent
‘U’ waves (muscle weakness,
cramps, tetany)

A

Hypokalaemia

45
Q

Long ‘Q–T’ interval, tetany,

perioral paraesthesia, carpopedal spasm

A

Hypocalcaemia

46
Q

Hyperacute T waves (inverts later), ST elevation and then Q wave formation

A

Acute MI

47
Q

ECG changes):

II, III, aVF

A

Inferior infarct

48
Q

I, aVL, V2–V6

A

Anterolateral infarct

49
Q

V2-V5

A

Anterior infarct

50
Q

ST and T wave changes but no Q waves

A

Subendocardial infarct

51
Q

Reciprocal changes V1, V2 (tall R waves, ST depression, tall upright T waves)

A

Posterior infarct

52
Q

􏰂 blockers, e.g. propranolol

A

Impotence Shortness of breath Cold peripheries

53
Q

ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitor, e.g. captopril

A

Persistent dry cough

54
Q

Digoxin, spironolactone

A

Gynaecomastia

55
Q

Amiodarone

A

Hyper-/hypothyroidism
Corneal microdeposits
Lung/liver fibrosis

56
Q

Verapamil

A

Constipation

57
Q

Nifedipine

A

Flushing, headache, ankle oedema

58
Q

Thiazide diuretic, e.g. bendrofluazide

A

Gout (hyperuricaemia)

59
Q

Minoxidil

A

Increased hair growth

60
Q

Hydralazine

A

Drug-induced systemic lupus

erythematosus (SLE)

Year 1 EMQ revision (4 decks)

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