Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacology Year 1 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What is an example of a thiazide diuretic?

A

Bendrofluazide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the mechanism of a thiazide diuretic?

A

Promote sodium and water excretion from the kidneys by inhibiting reabsorption in the distal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are thiazide diuretics used for?

A

Hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the side effects of thiazide diuretics?

A 
Hypokalaemia = Tiredness
Arrythmias
Hyperglycaemia - Diabetes 
Increase uric acid - gout 
Impotence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an example of a loop diuretic?

A

Furosemide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the mechanism of loop diuretics

A

Promote sodium and water excretion from the kidneys by inhibiting reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henlé

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are loop diuretics used for?

A

Heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the side effects of loop diuretics?

A 
Hypokalaemia - Tiredness
Arrythmias
Hyperglycaemia - Diabetes
Increased uric acid - Gout 
Impotence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the major classes of diuretics?

A

Thiazides

Loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the major classes of beta blockers?

A

Cardioselective

Non-selective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an example of a cardioselective beta blocker?

A

Atenolol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the mechanism of action of a cardioselective beta blocker?

A

Blocks only beta-1 receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does beta-1-receptor stimulation lead to?

A 
Stimualtion of Gs 
Increased cAMP
Increased PKa
Increased CICR VIA RyR2
Increased Contractility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are cardioselective beta blockers indicated for?

A

Angina
Heart Failure
Hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the side effects of cardio-selective beta blockers?

A 
Tiredness
Col peripheries
Can cause HF long term
Bradycardia 
Fatigue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an example of a non-selective beta blocker?

A

Propranolol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the mechanism of action of a non-selective beta-blocker?

A

Block beta-1 and beta-2 receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does stimulation of beta 2 adrenoceptors cause?

A

Vasodilation of coronary arteries and increased heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are non-selective beta blockers indicated for?

A

Thyrotoxicosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the side effects of non-selective beta blockers?

A 
Tiredness 
Cold peripheries
Can cause HF in the long term
Bradycardia
Fatigue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the warnings for beta-blocker use?

A

Never use in asthma as it can result in bronchospasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the major classes of calcium channel antagonists?

A

Dihydropyridines

Rate-limiting calcium antagonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an example of a dihydropyridine?

A

Amlodipine

24
Q

What is an example (2) of a rate-limiting calcium antagonist?

A

Verapamil

Diltiazem

25
What is the mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers (CCBs)?
Prevent opening of L-type calcium channels in excitable tissues in response to depolarisation and hence limit intracellular calcium increase. This reduces TPR and MABP Coronary vasodilation is very useful for angina and HT
26
To which tissues is verapamil selective?
Cardiac muscle cells
27
To which cells is amlodopine selective?
Smooth muscle (not heart)
28
What kind of selectivity does Diltiazem show?
Intermediate
29
What are dihydropiridines indicated for?
Hypertension | Angina
30
What are rate-limiting calcium antagonists indicated for?
Supraventricular Arrythmias (RLCA's)
31
What are the side effects of CCBs?
``` Ankle oedema Hypotension Dizziness Amlopidine better as less effects on cardiac muscle Rate-limiting can cause constipation ```
32
What are the warnings with CCBs?
Avoid use with beta-blockers
33
What are the (3) classes of Vasodilators?
Alpha blockers (alpha-1-adrenoceptor antagonists) ACEO ARB
34
What are 2 examples of alpha blockers?
Prazosin | Doxazosin
35
What is the mechanism of action of an alpha blocker?
Block vascular alpha-1-adrenceptors | Decrease TPR and MABP
36
Why is Amlodipine effective in Angina?
Causes peripheral arteriolar dilation decreasing after load and myocardial oxygen requirement producing coronary vasodilation
37
What is the issue with diltiazem and verapamil in long-term treatment?
Their negative inotropic effect is later offset by baroreceptor reflex
38
Why are CCBs effective in AF?
Decrease ventricular rate by suppression of AV node conduction
39
Which CCB would usually be used for AF?
Verapamil
40
By which mechanisms do beta blockers decrease MABP?
Decreasing CO Decreasing renin release from kidneys CNS action that decreases sympathetic activity
41
How can diuretic-induced hypokalaemia be corrected?
Administration of potassium-sparing diuretic or Potassium supplements
42
When would thiazide and loop diuretic be combined?
For severe resistant oedema
43
For which conditions are alpha blockers indicated?
Hypertension and Prostate cancer
44
Which side effect do alpha blockers cause?
Postural hypotension
45
What is an example of an ACEI?
Lisinopril
46
What is the mechanism of action of ACEIs?
Blocks conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
47
For which conditions are ACEIs indicated for?
Hypertension Cardiac Failure Following MI
48
What are the side effects of ACEIs?
``` Dry cough (build-up of bradykinin) Hypotension (esp. if on diuretics) ```
49
When are ACEIs contraindicated?
Pregnancy (foetal toxicity) | Bilateral Renal Artery stenosis
50
Why are ACEIs effective in hypertension?
Decrease TPR and MABP and possible suppression of proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the media of resistance vessels
51
Why are ACEIs effective in cardiac failure
Decrease vascular resistance so increased perfusion Increased excretion of sodium and water Regression of LVH
52
What is an example of an ARB?
Losartan
53
What is the mechanism of action of an ARB?
AT1 receptor antagonist - competitively blocks the agonist action of angiotensin II at the AT1 receptor Causes venous dilation (decreased preload) and arteriolar dilation (decreased after load and TPR) leads to decreased MABP
54
For which conditions are ARBs indicated for?
Hypertension Cardiac Failure Following MI
55
When would and ARB be used over an ACEI?
If the side effects from ACEI are intolerable
56
When are ARBs contraindicated?
Pregnancy (foetal toxicity)
57
By which mechanism do beta blockers help angina?
Reduce HR and force, especially during exercise or stress. Coronary vessel diameter is marginally reduced but myocardial oxygen requirement falls so there is better oxygenation of the myocardium

Pharmacology Year 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions