Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 3 - Drug Profiles > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

what type of drug is furosemide?

A

loop diuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how do loop diuretics work?

A

Inhibit reabsorption of Na+, K+ and Cl- (and therefore water) from the ascending limb of the loop on Henle in the renal tubule

also dilate capacitance veins - very useful in heart failure. reduces preload on heart and improves contractile function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the indications to take furosemide?

A

oedema, resistant hypertension, heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the contraindications to taking furosemide?

A

dehydration
hypokalaemia/ hyponatraemia
gout - inhibit uric acid excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the side-effects of furosemide?

A

dehydration + hypovolaemia
any low electrolyte state
hearing loss/ tinnitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the interactions with furosemide?

A

any drug excreted by the kidney e.g. lithium, digoxin

aminoglycosides - increase oto/nephrotoxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what type of drug is spironolactone?

A

potassium sparing diuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how do potassium sparing diuretics work?

A

act on distal convoluted tubules
inhibit Na uptake (and therefore water)
this causes potassium retention

often used in conjunction with other diuretics as weak on its own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the indications to take spironolactone?

A

oedema, hypokalaemia as a result of other diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the contraindications to taking spironolactone?

A

Hyperkalaemia, anuria and Addison’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the side effects of spironolactone?

A

GI upset, hypotension, dizziness, electrolyte disturbance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the interactions with spironolactone?

A

other potassium elevating drugs

digoxin, lithium (affects clearance of these)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what type of drug is bendroflumethiazide?

A

thiazide diuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how do thiazide diuretics work?

A

inhibit the sodium-chloride transporter in the distal tubule and therefore water. this lowers potassium as sodium is retained by the aldosterone pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the indications to take thiazide diuretics?

A

Hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the contraindications to taking thiazide diuretics?

A

hypokalaemia/ hyponatraemia

gout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the side effects of thiazide diuretics?

A

hyponatraemia/ hypokalaemia
this may then lead to cardiac arrhythmia
inc plasma glucose
impotence in men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the interactions with thiazide diuretics?

A

NSAIDs reduce effect
other potassium lowering drugs
other hypotensive drugs - greater effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why are thiazides particularly useful in hypertension?

A

main adverse effects of thiazides is hypokalaemia,

main adverse effects of ACE inhibitors and ARBs is hyperkalaemia.

synergistic blood pressure lowering effect: thiazides activate the renin–angiotensin system, while ACE inhibitors/ARBs block it.

combination of a thiazide and an ACE inhibitor/ARB is very useful in practice to improve BP control and to maintain neutral potassium balance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what type of drug is atenolol?

A

beta blocker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how do beta blockers work?

A

B1 - block receptor to reduce force and contraction speed of the heart. this reduces ischaemia by reducing cardiac workload

also lower BP by renin secretion inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the indications to take beta blockers?

A 
IHD
CHF
AF
SVT
hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the contrindications to taking beta blockers?

A

Asthma - can cause bronchospasm (act on B2 receptors)

COPD (only use B1 selective e.g. atenolol, bisoprolol rather than non selective e.g propanolol)

heart block
haemodynamic instability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the side effects of beta blockers?

A

fatigue, cold extremities, headache, GI upset, sleep disturbance, impotence in men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are the interactions with beta blockers?
calcium channel blockers - can cause heart failure, bradycardia and asystole theophylline decreases effect
26
how do calcium channel blockers work?
decrease Ca2+ entry into vascular and cardiac cell relaxation and vasodilation in arterial smooth muscle reduce myocardial contractility, suppress cardiac conduction Reduced cardiac rate, contractility and afterload reduce myocardial oxygen demand, preventing angina
27
what are the two types of calcium channel blocker?
Dihydropyridines (amlodipine and nifedipine) - relatively selective for the vasculature Non-dihydropyridines (verapamil, diltiazem) are more selective for the heart.
28
what are the indications to take calcium channel blockers?
Prophylaxis and treatment of STABLE angina, hypertension (amplodipine), supraventricular arrhythmia (diltazem)
29
what are the contraindications to taking calcium channel blockers?
poor left ventricular function - lead to HF AV nodal conduction delay - may provoke complete heart block unstable angina severe aortic stenosis
30
what are the side effects of calcium channel blockers?
ankle swelling, flushing, headache, palpitations, | constipation, bradycardia, heart block and cardiac failure
31
what are the interactions with calcium channel blockers?
β-blockers - together may cause heart failure, bradycardia, and even asystole.
32
what type of drug are Ramipril, lisinopril and perindopril?
ACE inhibitor
33
how do ACEi work?
prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor and stimulates aldosterone secretion. Blocking its action reduces peripheral vascular resistance (afterload), which lowers blood pressure works particularly well on renal arteries so good for CKD
34
what are the indications to take ACEi?
hypertension CHF IHD diabetic neuropathy and CKD
35
what are the contraindications to taking ACEi?
AKI, renal artery stenosis
36
what are the side effects of taking ACEi?
hypotension, persistent dry cough, renal failure, angioedema and anaphylaxis
37
what are the interactions with ACEi?
potassium-elevating drugs e.g. potassium sparing diuretics NSAID - increase risk of renal failure
38
what type of drug is losartan?
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB)
39
how do Angiotensin receptor blockers work?
similar effect to ACEi - block action of angiotensin II on receptor
40
what are the indications to take Angiotensin receptor blockers?
``` hypertension CHF IHD diabetic neuropathy and CKD (used when ACEi are not tolerated) ```
41
what are the contraindications of taking Angiotensin receptor blockers?
pregnancy, breastfeeding | renal artery stenosis/ AKI
42
what are the side effects of Angiotensin receptor blockers?
hypotension, hyperkalaemia, renal failure | less likely to cause a dry cough than ACEi
43
what are the interactions with Angiotensin receptor blockers?
other potassium elevating drugs | NSAIDs - causes renal failure
44
give 2 examples of nitrate drugs
isosorbide mononitrate, glyceryl trinitrate
45
how do nitrates work?
Dilates blood vessels (is converted to NO which activates dilation) reduce cardiac work and myocardial oxygen demand, relieving angina and cardiac failure
46
what are the indications to take nitrates?
ACS/angina
47
what are the contraindications to taking nitrates?
aortic stenosis, haemodynamic instability
48
what are the side effects of taking nitrates?
Postural hypotension, tachycardia, throbbing headache, dizziness, tolerance
49
what are the interactions with nitrates?
``` phosphodiesterase inhibitors (sildenafil) - these enhance the effects of nitrates antihypertensive medication - can cause hypotension ```
50
what type of drug is digoxin?
cardiac glycoside
51
how does digoxin work?
reduces HR ( increased vagal tone (reduces conduction at AV node)) , increases force of contraction
52
what are the indications to take digoxin?
AF, heart failure
53
what are the contraindications to take digoxin?
heart block, arrhythmia, renal failure (excreted by kidneys), electrolyte imbalance ( makes toxicity more likely)
54
what are the side effects of digoxin?
bradycardia, gastrointestinal disturbance, rash, dizziness and visual disturbance has low therapeutic index - toxicity likely. arrhythmias likely in toxicity
55
what are the interactions with digoxin?
diuretics increase the chance of toxicity | Amiodorone, calcium channel blockers, spironolactone and quinine can all increase the plasma concentration of digoxin
56
what type of drug is amiodarone?
anti-arrhythmic
57
how does amiodarone work?
Increases duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting Na,K-activated myocardial adenosine triphosphatase – this results in decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance
58
what are the indications to take amiodarone?
any tachyarrhythmia (AF, SVT, VT, VF)
59
what are the contraindications to taking amiodarone?
hypotension, heart block, thyroid disease
60
what are the side effects of amiodarone?
hypotension, pneumonitis, heart block, hepatitis, photosensitivity, thyroid abnormalities has a very long half life so symptoms may take a long time to settle after stopping the drug
61
what are the interactions with amiodarone?
lots increases plasma concentrations of digoxin, diltiazem and verapamil (increase the risk of bradycardia, AV block and heart failure.)
62
what type of drug is aspirin?
anti-platelet
63
how does aspirin work?
irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) to reduce production of the pro-aggregatory factor thromboxane from arachidonic acid, reducing platelet aggregation and the risk of arterial occlusion
64
what are the indications to take aspirin?
ACS or acute ischaemic stroke prevention of thrombotic arterial events AF (mild pain and fever)
65
what are the contraindications to taking aspirin?
under 16s - can develop Reye's syndrome 3rd trimester of pregnancy peptic ulceration, gout
66
what are the side effects of aspirin?
GI irritation, ulceration, and haemorrhage tinnitus bronchospasm (allergy to NSAIDs) bruising
67
what are the interactions with aspirin?
other antiplatelets ( clopidogrel, dipyridamole) and anticoagulants (e.g. heparin, warfarin) - increase the effect
68
what type of drug is clopidogrel?
antithrombotic
69
how does clopidogrel work?
prevents platelet aggregation and therefore risk of arterial occlusion
70
what are the indications to take clopidogrel?
treatment of ACS prevent occlusion of stents prevention of thrombotic arterial events eg in stroke, AF post MI
71
what are the contraindications to taking clopidogrel?
active bleeding surgery hepatic/renal impairment
72
what are the side effects of clopidogrel?
bleeding GI upset thrombocytopaenia
73
what are the interactions with clopidogrel?
effect reduced by P450 inhibitors e.g. omeprazole, ciprofloxacin, other antiplatelet/anticoagulation drugs
74
what type of drug is heparin?
Tissue plasminogen activator
75
how does heparin work?
inhibit thrombin and factor X - help prevent clot formation
76
what are the two types of heparin?
Unfractionated heparin (UFH) activates antithrombin that, in turn, inactivates clotting factor Xa and thrombin. Low molecular weight heparins such as dalteparin and enoxaparin have a similar mechanism of action but preferentially inhibit factor Xa. Low molecular weight heparins have a more predictable effect and, unlike UFH, do not usually require laboratory monitoring. Consequently, LMWHs are now preferred in most indications
77
what is fondaparinux?
Fondaparinux is a synthetic compound that is similar to heparin. It inhibits factor Xa only. It appears to have similar efficacy to LMWH and has become the anticoagulant of choice in the treatment of ACS in many hospitals in the UK.
78
what are the indications to take heparin?
VTE | ACS
79
what are the contraindications to taking heparin?
clotting disorders, hypertension, surgery/trauma | renal impairment - can cause build up of drug
80
what are the side effects of heparin?
bleeding (lower in LMWH/ fondaparinux) | thrombocytopaenia
81
what are the interactions with heparin?
antithrombotics - risk of bleeding
82
how does warfarin work?
inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase, preventing reactivation of vitamin K and coagulation factor synthesis.
83
what are the indications to take warfarin?
DVT/PE prevent clots in AF + heart valve replacement (not used in arterial thrombosis e.g. MI)
84
what are the contraindications to taking warfarin?
bleeding risk liver disease (reduced metabolism) pregnancy
85
what are the side effects of taking warfarin?
bleeding
86
what are the interactions with warfarin?
P450 inhibitors (fluconazole, macrolides) increase bleeding risk P450 inducers (phenytoin, carbamazapine) increase clotting risk has a very low therapeutic index antibiotics that kill gut flora that produce vitamin K - increases bleeding risk
87
what class of drug is rivaroxaban?
Novel anti-coagulants
88
how does rivaroxaban work?
Direct inhibitor of activated factor X
89
what are the indications to take rivaroxaban?
Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (after hip/knee replacement surgery), treatment of DVT and PE, prophylaxis of DVT, PE, stroke, systemic embolism in AF; given in combination with clopidogrel/aspirin after acute coronary event
90
what are the contraindications to taking rivaroxaban?
Active bleeding, significant risk of major bleed, (in acute coronary syndrome – previous stroke/TIA)
91
what are the side-effects of rivaroxaban?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, dyspepsia, abdo pain, hypotension, dizziness, headache, renal impairment, haemorrhage, pain in extremeties, pruritus, rash
92
what are the interactions with rivaroxaban?
Increased risk of haemorrhage with other anticoagulants P450 inducers and inhibitors (same as warfarin)
93
name two different statins
simvastatin, atorvastatin
94
how do statins work?
reduce serum cholesterol by inhibiting HMG CoA reductase. This decreases cholesterol production by the lover and increases clearance from the blood.
95
what are the indications to take a statin?
prevention of CVD if risk of cardiac event >20% | treatment of hyperlipidaemia
96
what are the contraindications to taking a statin?
hepatic impairment, renal impairment, pregnant/breastfeeding
97
what are the side effects of statins?
headache, GI upset, muscle aches, raise in liver enzymes
98
what are the interactions with statins?
The metabolism of statins is reduced by cytochrome P450 inhibitors (amiodarone, diltiazem, itraconazole, macrolides) - increased risk of side-effects amlodipine has similar effect

Year 3 - Drug Profiles (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions