Cardiovascular Flashcards
abnormal involuntary contraction of the atria – it reduces the contraction of the ventricles
-Too many stimuli to the atrium, causing rapid quivering of atrial myocardium which results in ineffective pumping of blood into ventricles.
Atrial fibrillation
↓ O2 saturation levels (‹80) (blue colored)
Cyanosis
Cyanosis Central Bluish tint
Lips
Tongue
Ears and mucous membranes
Exercise intolerance noted more with central
Cyanosis Peripheral Bluish tint
Nailbeds
Fingertips
Toes
Nose
usually swelling of hands and feet and abdomen
-side effect of cardiac disease
Pitting Edema
pain in calf during walking and prolonged standing – relieved with rest – will discuss in cardiac rehab
-Insufficient blood supply to muscles affected by diseased artery
Intermittent Claudication
decreased cardiac output of blood with contraction of ventricle - exercise tolerance decreased
Reduced Ejection Fraction
lightheaded or fainting episode
Syncope
Medical Emergency – call the codeThe electrical shock to the heart is intended to override the abnormal rhythm, stop the heart, and stimulate a return to normal rhythm.
Ventricular Fibrillation
catheter is inserted through an artery and passed to the heart – a contrast fluid is used and x-rays taken to see narrowing of vessels
Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography
Diagnostic Ultrasound images of the heart
Echocardiography
An ECG recording of the heart rhythm. We will cover this in rehab techiniqes
Electrocardiogram
ECG with leads that are attached to a portable unit that measures heart rhythm for 24 hours .
Holter Monitoring
Nuclear imaging technique - creates a three dimensional image or shows the function of the cell.
Positron emission tomography (PET)
An exercise test used to evaluate patients cardiac and respiratory response to physical stress
Stress Test
Angina Pectoris
- Acute chest pain
- ischemia to the heart
- Treat with nitroglycerin
aortic atherosclerosis
Build up of plaque in the aorta
Often – no symptoms are present until complete obliteration of vessel
Risk of emboli – portion breaks off and causes obstruction and rupture of smaller vessel.
Atherosclerosis
narrowing of lumen due to deposits of fatty material/plaque,
associated with high levels of LDL cholesterol
can cause MIs, CVA’s, or other ischemia, prone to form thrombosis, embolisms
has a hereditary link
Arteriosclerosis
chronic disease of arterial system
abnormal thickening and hardening of the intima of the vessel wall;
vessels become brittle, prone to rupture
part of natural aging process
Cardiac Arrest/Myocardial Infarction
Heart attack - Stopping of the heart Etiology: Decreased blood flow to the heart Massive blood loss Traumatic event
Risk Factors of MI
Heredity Age Obesity Smoking Hypertension - HTN Diabetes Sedentary lifestyle High cholesterol and triglyceride levels
S&S of MI
Symptoms vary and may not have any warning
Dyspnea
Angina – crushing pain may c/o pain in L shoulder and or arm and up neck and into L jaw (not relieved by NTG)
Tachycardia or bradycardia
Sweating, pale, nausea, rapid pulse & loss of consciousness
Diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy will not feel chest pain (approx 20%)
Some women c/o more back pain than anterior chest pain
Cardiac Shock, Cardiac Failure, Heart Failure
All mean the same thing – cardiac muscle is so weak it can’t work.
Unable to pump blood to extremities
Cardiomyopathy
Includes any diseases affecting/involving the heart muscle
Causes include: heart attack, alcoholism, long-term/severe HTN, systemic lupus erythematosus, celiac disease, end-stage renal disease & viral infections.
