Cardiovascular Flashcards
Severe pulmonary hypertension may produce visible pulsations where ?
Over the pulmonary artery
Where are pacemaker boxes usually located ?
Under left pectoral muscle - easily palpable
Where does the apex beat lie ?
5th intercostal space, 1cm medial to mid clavicu,at line (left side)
What happens to the apex beat in go,und overload conditions ? (E.g. Mitral or aortic regurgitation)
Displaced laterally with thrusting quality
In what condition does the apex beat have a heavy quality but IS NOT displaced ?
Pressure overload system e.g. Aortic stenosis
What position brings the apex of the heart closer to the chest wall ?
Left lateral position
Name the 5 causes of an impalpable apex beat:
DOPEE:
- dextrocardia
- obesity
- pneumothorax
- emphysema
- effusion
When do parasternal heaves occur ?
RV enlargement
Severe LV enlargement
What are thrills ?
Palpable murmurs
When are right sided murmurs best heard ?
Inspiration, when venous return is increased
What sided murmurs are heard best on expiration ?
Left
Which murmur can be heard radiating into the axillary ?
Mitral regurgitation
What position allows better detection of aortic regurgitation ?
Lean forward and listening on full expiration
Where can aortic stenosis be heard to radiate ?
To carotids
When are carotid Bruits best heard ?
Holding breath on inspiration
Name a CV cause of clubbing:
Cyanotic congenital heart disease
Cause of koilonychia
Iron deficiency
What are splinter haemorrhages a sign of ?
Endocarditis
Painful lesion found on the palms or pulps of fingers as a sign of endocarditis ?
Oslers nodes
Cause of radial radial Delay ?
Large artery occlusion
Cause of radial-femoral delay ?
Coarctation of aorta
Causes of collapsing pulse ?
Aortic regurgitation
Patent ductus arteriosus
Why might jaundice be a significant CV sign ?
Prosthetic heart valve induced haemolysis
What is the cause of malar flush ?
Mitral stenosis - causing pulmonary hypertension and low cardiac output
What might be heard on the lungs in cardiac failure ?
Late or pan inspiratory rack,es
Pleural effusion
When does sacral oedema occur ?
Severe right sided heart failure
Name two causes of bilateral lower limb oedema
- congestive heart failure
- constructive pericarditis
Name the 4 causes of raised JVP
HOLT:
- Heart failure
- Obstruction - vena cava
- Lymph node enlargement - supraclavicular
- Thoracic pressure increase
What is becks triad for cardiac tamponade ?
3 Ds:
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
Decreased arterial pressure
