Cardiovascular

Question 1

Clubbing

Answer 1

Chronic hypoxia

Question 2

Koilonychia

Answer 2

Iron-deficiency anaemia

Question 3

Asterixis

Answer 3

Liver/renal/respiratory failure

Question 4

Palmar erythema

Answer 4

Liver disease, hyperthyroidism

Question 5

Cyanosis (mouth, lips, tongue)

Answer 5

Hypoxia

Question 6

Mouth ulcers

Answer 6

Crohn’s, coeliac, anaemia

Question 7

Hydration status (dry mucosa)

Answer 7

Dehydration

Question 8

Odour (sweet/fruity breath)

Answer 8

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Question 9

Jaundice (sclera/conjunctiva)

Answer 9

Liver disease, haemolysis

Question 10

Pallor (conjunctiva)

Answer 10

Anaemia

Question 11

Xanthelasma

Answer 11

Hyperlipidaemia

Question 12

Corneal arcus

Answer 12

Hypercholesterolaemia

Question 13

Troisier’s sign (left supraclavicular lymph node)

Answer 13

Abdominal malignancy

Question 14

Chest symmetry

Answer 14

Pneumothorax, pleural effusion

Question 15

Thoracic scars

Answer 15

Previous surgery, trauma

Question 16

Median sternotomy scar

Answer 16

CABG, valve surgery

Question 17

Anterolateral thoracotomy scar

Answer 17

Lobectomy, pneumonectomy

Question 18

Infraclavicular scar

Answer 18

Pacemaker, ICD

Question 19

Left mid-axillary scar

Answer 19

Chest drain

Question 20

Patches

Answer 20

ECG monitoring, telemetry

Question 21

Drains/scars (recent trauma)

Answer 21

Surgical intervention, pneumothorax

Question 22

Pacemaker/ICD

Answer 22

Arrhythmias, heart failure

Question 23

Pulsating abdominal mass

Answer 23

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)

Question 24

Ankle/sacral oedema

Answer 24

Heart failure, nephrotic syndrome

Question 25

Aortic (2nd ICS, RSB)

Answer 25

Aortic stenosis/regurgitation

Question 26

Pulmonary (2nd ICS, LSB)

Answer 26

Pulmonary hypertension

Question 27

Erb’s point (3rd ICS, LSB)

Answer 27

Aortic murmurs

Question 28

Tricuspid (4th/5th ICS, LSB)

Answer 28

Tricuspid stenosis/regurgitation

Question 29

Mitral-apical (5th ICS, LMCL)

Answer 29

Mitral stenosis/regurgitation

Question 30

S3/S4 heart sounds

Answer 30

Heart failure, hypertension

Question 31

Pulmonary oedema (basal crackles)

Answer 31

Left heart failure

Question 32

Pleural effusion (reduced breath sounds)

Answer 32

Infection, malignancy

Question 33

Carotid bruits

Answer 33

Atherosclerosis, stroke risk

Question 34

Radial pulse (rate/rhythm)

Answer 34

AF, tachycardia, bradycardia

Question 35

Brachial pulse

Answer 35

Blood pressure assessment

Question 36

Pedal pulse

Answer 36

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

Question 37

Carotid pulse

Answer 37

Aortic stenosis, shock

Question 38

Precordial tenderness

Answer 38

Costochondritis, pericarditis

Question 39

Sternal CRT

Answer 39

Shock, dehydration

Question 40

Apex beat (displaced left)

Answer 40

Cardiomegaly, heart failure

Question 41

Heaves

Answer 41

Ventricular hypertrophy

Question 42

Thrills

Answer 42

Valvular disease

Question 43

Hyperresonance

Answer 43

Pneumothorax

Question 44

Hyporesonance (dullness)

Answer 44

Pleural effusion, consolidation

Question 45

Tactile vocal fremitus (increased)

Answer 45

Consolidation

Question 46

Tactile vocal fremitus (decreased)

Answer 46

Pleural effusion

Question 47

ECG interpretation

Answer 47

Arrhythmias, ischaemia

Question 48

JVP assessment

Answer 48

Right heart failure, fluid overload

Question 49

Percussion (if respiratory distress)

Answer 49

Heart failure, pleural effusion