Cardiovascular

Question 1

Which stain we use for internal & external elastic membranes?

Answer 1

VVG (Verhoeff-von Gieson), VG

Question 2

Thickest blood vessel layer?

Answer 2

Tunica media made up of Smooth muscle cells

Question 3

Monckeberg’s Medial Calcific Sclerosis?

Answer 3

• Elderly.

• Asymptomatic

• Stains for Ca : Von kossa/Alizarin red S

Question 4

What are the two types of arteriosclerosis?

Answer 4

1. Hyaline arteriosclerosis:
   • Commonly associated with benign hypertension and diabetes mellitus.
   • Microscopic appearance: Pink, homogeneous thickening of vessel wall.
   • Results in luminal narrowing.
   
   2. Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis:
      • Associated with malignant hypertension.
      • Microscopic appearance: Concentric laminated thickening of vessel wall, known as onion skin appearance.
      • Can cause fibrinoid necrosis in the vessel wall.

Question 5

Onion skin appearance seen in which conditions?

Answer 5

• Malignant hypertension

—– Active space —–

• Primary sclerosing cholangitis

• Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIPD)

• Ewings sarcoma : X-ray.

• Tay sach’s disease : EM.

• Spleen in SLE : Gross.

Question 6

Atherosclerosis?

Answer 6

• Deposition of atherosclerotic plaque in vessel wall.

• Earliest leison : Fatty streak.

• M/c vessel : Abdominal aorta.

• Infections ↑ risk : CMV, chlamydia, herpes.

• ↑ S. Homocysteine ↑ Risk of plaque.

Question 7

Fibrous cap?

Answer 7

Smooth muscle cells, macrophages, collagen, lymphocytes, elastin.

Question 8

Necrotic core?

Answer 8

Cell debris, foam cells, cholesterol crystals, Ca

Question 9

Which classification for vasculitis?

Answer 9

Modified Chapel Hill Classification