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biomed > cardiovascular > Flashcards

cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

heart wall layers

A

-epicardium -outer layer, also known as visceral pericardium
-myocardium -muscular wall of heart, contains cardiac muscle tissue, vasculature and nerves
-endocardium -inner layer, lining of epithelial cells

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2
Q

heart not reliant on

A

-nervous system for activation
-ANS and endocrine system can modulate function

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3
Q

right atrium

A

-receives blood from systemic circuit through the two great veins, superior and inferior vena cava
-also receives blood from coronary sinus
-anterior atrial wall and inner surface of auricle contain prominent muscular ridges called pectinate muscles [these aid atrial contraction]

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4
Q

coronary sinus

A

-large thin walled vein that opens into right atrium inferior to the connection with the inferior vena cava
-receives blood from coronary veins

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5
Q

right and left atria divided by

A

-interatrial septum
-features the fossa ovalis [oval depression]
-remnant of foramen ovale that closes after birth [foetus receives oxygen from placental blood and lungs are not functional]

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6
Q

left atrium

A

-receives blood from pulmonary circuit via four pulmonary veins [2 left pulmonary 2 right]
-some pectinate muscles on anterior inner surface

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7
Q

right ventricle

A

-thicker myocardium compared to both atria
-interior surface contains ridges called trabeculae carneae [convey part of hearts electrical conduction pathway]
-cone-shaped muscles [papillary muscles] extend from ventricle base [these anchor chordae tendineae of right atrioventricular valve]

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8
Q

left ventricle

A

-myocardium required to generate high blood pressure to force blood through systemic circuit
-inner surface contains trabeculae carneae
-papillary muscles anchor chordae tendineae

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9
Q

fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

-dense connective tissue forms rings around each of the four heart valves [prevents valves from stretching under load]
-acts as an insertion point for cardiac muscle cells
-electrically insulates atria from ventricles

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10
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

-2 key components [cusps that open/close, chordae tendineae that prevent cusps from eversion
-right AV valve has three cusps [tricuspid valve]
-left AV valve has two cusps [bicuspid/mitral valve]

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11
Q

semilunar valves

A

-aortic valve at base of aorta, pulmonary valve at base of pulmonary trunk
-valves open when blood pressure in 2 ventricles is higher than that in aorta and pulmonary trunk

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12
Q

hearts blood supply

A

-coronary arteries feed work cardiac tissue [left and right coronary arteries emerge from base of aorta
-coronary veins return this blood [merge into coronary sinus]

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13
Q

structure of blood vessels

A

-walls of arteries and veins have the same three layers
-tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

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14
Q

tunica intima

A

-innermost layer containing endothelial cells [very smooth to minimise friction]
-arteries also have a layer of elastic fibres [helps with distension and recoil]

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15
Q

tunica media

A

-middle layer made of elastic and smooth muscle fibres
-much thicker in arteries
-allows for vasoconstriction/dilation

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16
Q

tunica externa

A

-outermost layer
-constructed from connective tissue
-fuse with adjacent tissue to anchor vessel

17
Q

elastic arteries

A

-largest arteries in body
-include aorta and pulmonary trunk
-contain a high proportion of elastic fibres in tunica media [elastic lamellae]
-help blood flow away from heart

18
Q

ventricular systole and diastole

A

-systole -walls are distended [contraction/squeezing]
-diastole -recoil [relation/dilation]

19
Q

muscular arteries

A

-distributing arteries
-tunica media contains more smooth muscle fibres and fewer elastic fibres compared to elastic arteries
-greater ability of vasoconstriction and vasodilation
-continuous partial muscle contraction known as vascular tone

20
Q

vascular tone

A

-continuous partial pressure contraction
-helps maintain pressure and blood flow
-can be modulated to shunt blood to specific areas [digestive system, skeletal muscle]

21
Q

arterioles

A

-400million in body
-only 1-2 layers of smooth muscle cells
-regulate blood flow across cap. networks [metarteriole runs into cap network, known as resistance vessels]
-precap. sphincters can contract and reduce blood flow across cap.

22
Q

capillaries

A

-smallest blood vessels
-20 billion
-provides a huge surface area to aid diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes
-no tunica media/externa
-just a layer of endothelial cells with a basement membrane
-more numerous in metabolically active tissues

23
Q

types of capillaries

A

-continuous cap.
-fenestrated cap.
-sinusoid cap.

24
Q

continuous capillaries

A

-most numerous
-found in CNS, lungs, muscle and skin
-endothelial cells form a continuous tube

25
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

-found in kidneys, small intestine villi, choroid plexus in brain, ciliary process of the eye and endocrine glands
-endothelial cells have small holes called fenestrations

26
Q

sinusoid capillaries

A

-found in liver, red bone marrow, spleen, anterior pituitary, adrenal glands and parathyroid
-can have very large fenestrations
-incomplete/non-existent basement membrane
-large clefts between endothelial cells
-permit passage of large proteins and blood cells

27
Q

blood flow is dependent on two factors

A

-pressure different
-vascular resistance

28
Q

pressure difference

A

-blood flows from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure
-the higher pressure difference, greater the blood flow

29
Q

vascular resistance

A

-caused by friction between blood and vascular wall
-dependant on three factors
-lumen size of blood vessel [smaller size = increased resistance]
-viscosity of blood [higher viscosity = higher resistance]
-length of blood vessel [longer = greater resistance]

30
Q

blood pressure

A

-produced by ventricular contraction
-highest in aorta during ventricular systole and reduces as blood flows through vascular system
-normal BP when taken from brachial artery is systolic 120mmHg, diastolic 80mmHg
-can average out these pressures to give us mean arterial pressure [MAP]

31
Q

regulation of vascular tone

A

-can be achieved via increase or decrease in vascular resistance and blood flow
-vasodilation and vasoconstriction are easy ways to accomplish
this
-many factors can affect vascular tone -it can differ between pulmonary and systemic circulations, or catecholamine (epinephrine and norepinephrine) action differs due
to receptor type

32
Q

major vasodilators

A

-epinephrine and norepinephrine [β-2 receptors]
-nitric oxide
-H+ and K+
-histamines, heparin and bradykinin
-hypoxia - in system circuit

33
Q

major vasoconstrictors

A

-angiotensin 2
-epinephrine and norepinephrine [α-1 receptors]
-ADH
-hypoxia -in pulmonary circuit

34
Q

factors that increase viscosity

A

-high haematocrit
-low deformability of RBCs
-high plasma viscosity
-high fibrinogen concentration
-dehydration

35
Q
A

biomed (9 decks)

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