Cardiovascular Flashcards
Describe the anatomy and function of the chambers, septa, valves, and the major veins and arteries coming in and out of the heart
- right atrium: pumps blood into the right ventricle
- left atrium: pumps blood into the left ventricle
- right ventricle: pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk
- left ventricle: pumps blood into the aortic arch
- sup/inf vena cava: brings blood into the r. atrium
- ascending aorta/aortic arch: distributes blood to the body from the l. ventricle
- pulmonary arteries: brings blood to the lungs from the r. ventricle
- pulmonary veins: brings blood to the l. artium from the lungs
- atrioventricular valves (AV): separates atriums and ventricles
- tricuspid: b/w r. atrium and r. ventricle
- bicuspid: b/w l. atrium and l. ventricle - semilunar valves: separates pulm. arteries and aorta to ventricles
- pulmonary: b/w r. ventricle and pulm. trunk
- aortic: b/w l. ventricle and aorta - atrial septum: divides the atriums
- ventricular septum: divides the ventricles
- arteries: bring blood away from the heart
- r/l coronary arteries
- circumflex artery
- marginal artery
- ant/post interventricular arteries
Trace the pathway of blood flow to through the heart
- sup/inf vena cava
- right atrium
- right ventricle
- pulmonary trunk
- pulmonary arteries
- lungs
- pulmonary veins
- left atrium
- left ventricle
- ascending aorta
- aortic arch
Describe the two main types of cells that make up the heart: cardiac muscle cells and cardiac pacemaker cells, and where they are located
- pacemaker cells (~1%): set the pace of the heart
- generate rhythmic AP –> signal myocyte contraction
- located in the heart - cardiac muscle cells (myocytes~99%):
- striated muscle fibers
- generate AP when membrane is depolarized to threshold
- the source of force-production (contraction)
Describe the phases of the cardiac pacemaker cell AP
- slow initial depolarization phase: cations leak into through (hyperpolarization)
2.full depolarization phase: Ca2+ enter the cell - repolarization phase: Ca2+ channels close, K+ flow out
- minimum potential phase: K+ channels remain open, causes hyperpolarization, opens HCN channels
Describe the phases of the cardiac muscle cell AP and the explain the importance of the plateau phase
- Rapid depolarization phase: Na+ enters
- Initial repolarization phase: K+ flow out, small initial repolarization
- plateau phase: Ca2+ enters as K+ exit, prolonging depolarization
- repolarization phase: Na+ and Ca2+ channels close as K+ exits
Identify the waveforms in a normal ECG and relate to the ECG waveforms to electrical activity in the heart
- p wave: atrial depolarization
- qrs complex: ventricular depolarization (atrial repolarization)
- t wave: ventricular repolarization
- r-r interval: duration of cardiac cycle
- p-r interval: duration of atrial repolarization and AV node delay
- q-t interval: duration of the ventricular AP
- s-t segment: ventricular plateau phase
q21Describe the phases of the cardiac cycle
- ventricular filling phase: ventricles fill with blood and in diastole, AV valves open, atrial systole occurs, SL valves close (Patria>Pventricles<Parteries) end-diastolic volume
- isometric contraction phase: ventricular systole begins, AV and SL valves close, atrial diastole close (Patria<Pventricular<Parteries)
- ventricular ejection phase: ventricular systole continues, AV valves close, atrial diastole continues, SL valves opens, blood ejected into pul. artery and aorta (Patria<Pventricles>Parteries) end systolic volume</Pventricles>
- isovolumetric relaxation phase: ventricular diastole begins, AV valves closed, atrial diastole continues, SL valves close (Patria<Pventricles<Parteries)
Relate the heart sounds and the ECG waveforms to the normal mechanical events of the cardiac cycle
- lub= AV valves
- dub= SL valves
Define and identify units of cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, end-diastolic volume and systolic volume
- cardiac output: the volume of blood pumped out of the l. ventricle in 1 min (L/min)
- CO = HR x SV - stroke volume: the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one heart beat (mL)
- SV = EVD - ESV - EDV: the amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (or end of ventricular filling phase)
- ESV: the amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of systole (or end of ventricular ejection phase)
- Calculate cardiac output
Define preload, afterload, and contractility, identify the factors that influence each and explain how they affect cardiac output
Discuss the influence of positive and negative ionotropic and chronotropic agents on stroke volume and heart rate and predict how these changes will affect cardiac output
Describe and compare the structure of arteries, veins, arterioles, capillaries, and venules
briefly explain how blood flow to specific tissues is regulated
summarize the factors that influence blood flow, blood pressure, and peripheral resistance
