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Health Alterations > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Ischemia vs Infarction

A

Ischemia:
-lack of blood supply (reversible)

Infarction:
-total lack of blood supply causing tissue to die (not reversible)

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2
Q

What is the “Pacemaker” of the heart?

A

SA Node

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3
Q

How do you find pulse pressure?

A

difference between the systolic BP and diastolic BP

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4
Q

Atherosclerosis vs Arteriosclerosis

A

Atherosclerosis:
-blockage in the middle of arteries/veins

Arteriosclerosis:
-“hangs on the walls”

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5
Q

What does a BNP lab test do?

A

Determines degree of heart failure

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6
Q

Arteriogram vs Angiogram

A

Arteriogram:
watches the blood flow through arteries

Angiogram:
watches the blood flow through veins

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7
Q

What does a chest x ray of a heart look for?

A

-enlarged heart
-fluid

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8
Q

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

A

studies electrical activity through the heart

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9
Q

Echocardiogram (ECG)

A

visualizes size, shape, position
*tells about 13 step process (blood flow)

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10
Q

Stress test

A

assesses for presence and severity of CAD

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11
Q

Heart Catheterization

A

*very invasive
-looks at coronary blood flow
-looking for clear or clogged vessels

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12
Q

3 reasons the heart beats are:

A
  1. Blood flow
  2. Electrical conduction system
  3. Coronary arteries
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13
Q

Cardiovascular assessments include:

A

-Pulses
-listening to heart
-capillary refill
-temp of skin

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14
Q

Right Sided Heart Failure
& Symptoms of:

A

RIGHT to the feet
-JVD
-Edema
-Ascites
-Increase in weight

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15
Q

Left Sided Heart Failure
& Symptoms of:

A

Left = Lungs
-Coughing
-SOB
-Swelling

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16
Q

Weight gain to be concerned with?

A

2 lbs overnight
or
5 lbs in a week

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17
Q

Hypertension

A

Normal BP Less than 130 and Less than 85 Monitor if risk factors are present.

High-normal blood pressure 130–139 and/or 85–89 Nonpharmacologic interventions: modify diet, increase exercise, lose weight, stop smoking.

High
Grade 1 hypertension 140–159 and/or 80–89 Nonpharmacologic interventions + ACE inhibitor or ARB and calcium channel blocker.

Grade 2 hypertension 160 or higher and/or 100 or higher Nonpharmacologic interventions + above drugs + add thiazide-like diuretic.

*Study chart p. 406

18
Q

Modifiable vs Non modifiable risk factors

A

Modifiable:
-smoking
-obesity
-diet
-alcohol
-stress

Non modifiable risk factors:
-age
-gender
-race
-family history

19
Q

How is hypertension diagnosed?

A

2 readings 2 weeks apart

20
Q

Signs/symptoms of hypertension?

A

-headache
-dizziness
-blurred vision
-chest pain
-difficulty breathing
-anxiety/irritability

21
Q

What is the purpose of SCDS?

A

-Prevention of clots
-increase vascular circulation

22
Q

How to stop epistaxis

A

-Sit forward
-Pinch nose just below bone for 10-15 mins

23
Q

What do grafts do?

A

Strengthens/ reinforces the weak artery/vein

24
Q

Risk factors for venous thrombosis:

A

-Sedentary lifestyle
-Childbirth
-birth control
-smoking
-obesity

25
Q

Homans Sign

A

tests for DVT
-pain w/ flexed foot

26
Q

What to do for PAD?

A

legs down

27
Q

What to do for CVI?

A

legs up

28
Q

How is Orthostatic Hypotension diagnosed and what to do for it?

A

BP drops by 20 pts

-change positions slowly
-replace fluids before moving

29
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

heart attack

30
Q

What should you do if someone has chest pain?

A

Give supplemental oxygen

31
Q

Primary vs secondary hypertension

A

Primary Hypertension:
-cause unknown

secondary hypertension:
-caused by underlying factors

32
Q

List how the blood flows through the heart:

A
  1. Superior Vena Cava
  2. Right Atrium
  3. Tricuspid Valve
  4. Right Ventricle
  5. Pulmonary Valve
  6. Pulmonary Artery
  7. Pulmonary Veins
  8. Left Atrium
  9. Mitral Valve
  10. Left Ventricle
  11. Aortic Valve
  12. Aorta
33
Q

Malignant hypertension

A

diastolic BP ranges from 140-170 mmHg

34
Q

Hypertensive emergency vs urgency

A

Hypertensive emergency:
-BP higher than 180/120 mm Hg with symptoms

urgency:
-BP higher than 180/120 mm Hg with symptoms

35
Q

The nurse would promote which lifestyle modification for a 39 year old male patient who is diagnosed with prehypertension? (Select all that apply)
a. smoking cessation
b. restrict sodium intake to 500 mg/day
c. aerobic exercise
d. alcohol intake of three servings per day
e. low fat diet

A

a. smoking cessation
c. aerobic exercise
e. low fat diet

36
Q

How do you treat a heart attack?

A

M-morphine
O-oxygen
N-nitrogen
A-aspirin

37
Q

Most significant risk factors of PAD?

A

-Smoking
-Hyperlipidemia
-Hypertension
-Diabetes Mellitus

38
Q

Intermittent claudication

A

pain with exercise or extremity elevation

39
Q

How is PAD treated?

A

-quit smoking
-lower BP
-lower high cholesterol
-lower blood glucose level (if diabetic)
-physical activity

-medications
-surgery

40
Q

What is PAD?

A

-progressive narrowing of the arteries
(Peripheral Arterial Disease)

41
Q

What is CVI?

A

-basic dysfunction is incompetent valves of the deep veins
*brown discoloration
(Chronic Venous Insufficiency)

42
Q

Nursing Considerations for CHF

A

-daily weights
-assess lung sounds
-cough and deep breathe
-sodium restriction
-fluid restriction’
-diet
-stop smoking
-diuretics

Health Alterations (1 decks)

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