Cardiovascular Flashcards
Ischemia vs Infarction
Ischemia:
-lack of blood supply (reversible)
Infarction:
-total lack of blood supply causing tissue to die (not reversible)
What is the “Pacemaker” of the heart?
SA Node
How do you find pulse pressure?
difference between the systolic BP and diastolic BP
Atherosclerosis vs Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis:
-blockage in the middle of arteries/veins
Arteriosclerosis:
-“hangs on the walls”
What does a BNP lab test do?
Determines degree of heart failure
Arteriogram vs Angiogram
Arteriogram:
watches the blood flow through arteries
Angiogram:
watches the blood flow through veins
What does a chest x ray of a heart look for?
-enlarged heart
-fluid
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
studies electrical activity through the heart
Echocardiogram (ECG)
visualizes size, shape, position
*tells about 13 step process (blood flow)
Stress test
assesses for presence and severity of CAD
Heart Catheterization
*very invasive
-looks at coronary blood flow
-looking for clear or clogged vessels
3 reasons the heart beats are:
- Blood flow
- Electrical conduction system
- Coronary arteries
Cardiovascular assessments include:
-Pulses
-listening to heart
-capillary refill
-temp of skin
Right Sided Heart Failure
& Symptoms of:
RIGHT to the feet
-JVD
-Edema
-Ascites
-Increase in weight
Left Sided Heart Failure
& Symptoms of:
Left = Lungs
-Coughing
-SOB
-Swelling
Weight gain to be concerned with?
2 lbs overnight
or
5 lbs in a week
Hypertension
Normal BP Less than 130 and Less than 85 Monitor if risk factors are present.
High-normal blood pressure 130–139 and/or 85–89 Nonpharmacologic interventions: modify diet, increase exercise, lose weight, stop smoking.
High
Grade 1 hypertension 140–159 and/or 80–89 Nonpharmacologic interventions + ACE inhibitor or ARB and calcium channel blocker.
Grade 2 hypertension 160 or higher and/or 100 or higher Nonpharmacologic interventions + above drugs + add thiazide-like diuretic.
*Study chart p. 406
Modifiable vs Non modifiable risk factors
Modifiable:
-smoking
-obesity
-diet
-alcohol
-stress
Non modifiable risk factors:
-age
-gender
-race
-family history
How is hypertension diagnosed?
2 readings 2 weeks apart
Signs/symptoms of hypertension?
-headache
-dizziness
-blurred vision
-chest pain
-difficulty breathing
-anxiety/irritability
What is the purpose of SCDS?
-Prevention of clots
-increase vascular circulation
How to stop epistaxis
-Sit forward
-Pinch nose just below bone for 10-15 mins
What do grafts do?
Strengthens/ reinforces the weak artery/vein
Risk factors for venous thrombosis:
-Sedentary lifestyle
-Childbirth
-birth control
-smoking
-obesity
Homans Sign
tests for DVT
-pain w/ flexed foot
What to do for PAD?
legs down
What to do for CVI?
legs up
How is Orthostatic Hypotension diagnosed and what to do for it?
BP drops by 20 pts
-change positions slowly
-replace fluids before moving
Myocardial infarction
heart attack
What should you do if someone has chest pain?
Give supplemental oxygen
Primary vs secondary hypertension
Primary Hypertension:
-cause unknown
secondary hypertension:
-caused by underlying factors
List how the blood flows through the heart:
- Superior Vena Cava
- Right Atrium
- Tricuspid Valve
- Right Ventricle
- Pulmonary Valve
- Pulmonary Artery
- Pulmonary Veins
- Left Atrium
- Mitral Valve
- Left Ventricle
- Aortic Valve
- Aorta
Malignant hypertension
diastolic BP ranges from 140-170 mmHg
Hypertensive emergency vs urgency
Hypertensive emergency:
-BP higher than 180/120 mm Hg with symptoms
urgency:
-BP higher than 180/120 mm Hg with symptoms
The nurse would promote which lifestyle modification for a 39 year old male patient who is diagnosed with prehypertension? (Select all that apply)
a. smoking cessation
b. restrict sodium intake to 500 mg/day
c. aerobic exercise
d. alcohol intake of three servings per day
e. low fat diet
a. smoking cessation
c. aerobic exercise
e. low fat diet
How do you treat a heart attack?
M-morphine
O-oxygen
N-nitrogen
A-aspirin
Most significant risk factors of PAD?
-Smoking
-Hyperlipidemia
-Hypertension
-Diabetes Mellitus
Intermittent claudication
pain with exercise or extremity elevation
How is PAD treated?
-quit smoking
-lower BP
-lower high cholesterol
-lower blood glucose level (if diabetic)
-physical activity
-medications
-surgery
What is PAD?
-progressive narrowing of the arteries
(Peripheral Arterial Disease)
What is CVI?
-basic dysfunction is incompetent valves of the deep veins
*brown discoloration
(Chronic Venous Insufficiency)
Nursing Considerations for CHF
-daily weights
-assess lung sounds
-cough and deep breathe
-sodium restriction
-fluid restriction’
-diet
-stop smoking
-diuretics
