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Lab Techniques (321) > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

“Blood pressure” is the outward pressure/force exerted on the walls of blood vessels and the heart by the blood

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2
Q

What is the equation for blood pressure

A

Blood pressure = cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

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3
Q

What is the definition of cardiac output

A

Total volume of blood being pumped forwards into the systemic circulation by the heart
(HR x SV)

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4
Q

What is the definition of Total peripheral resistance

A

A measure of the constructive pressure from the vasculature resisting the forward movement of blood

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5
Q

What is cardiac output affected by

A

-sympathetic/parasympathetic activity to the heart
-cardiac filling/blood volume
-frank-starling’s law of the heart
-myocardial function/health

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6
Q

What is Total peripheral resistance affected by

A

-sympathetic nervous system activity to the vasculature
-humoral (bloodborne) factors : oxygen content, metabolites, angiotensin II, epinephrine, etc.
-vascular smooth muscle and endothelial function/health

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7
Q

True or false: blood pressure is pulsatile

A

True

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8
Q

What is systolic BP

A

The maximum pressure within the circulatory system while the heart is contracting (systole) and pumping blood forward from the left ventricle to the aorta and onward

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9
Q

What is diastolic BP

A

The minimum pressure within the circulatory system while the heart is relaxing (diastole) and refilling between beats

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10
Q

What are some examples of acute hypotension

A
  • ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
    -after a postural change (like standing up), blood volume “falls” down to the legs due to gravity
    -upper-body blood pressure falls, lower body pressure rises

POST-EXERCISE HYPOTENSION
-after aerobic exercise, blood pressure may stay reduced for up to several hours before returning back to normal levels

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11
Q

How is blood pressure regulated.

A

Regulated by the heart and blood vessels

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12
Q

What is systolic pressure dictated by

A

The strength of the heart as it beats ;

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13
Q

What is diastolic pressure dictated by

A

The tension of the arterial system

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14
Q

How do we measure blood pressure

A

-oscillatory sphygmomanometer (“manual blood pressure”)
-continuous blood pressure measurement - (finger cuff or arterial catheter)

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15
Q

What are some advantages of the manual blood pressure cuff

A

-relatively easy to train for manual cuffs/no training required for automated cuffs
-inexpensive
-resting blood pressure is correlated to clinical disease outcomes (atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, heart attack, stroke, etc.)

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16
Q

What are some DISADVANTAGES of the manual blood pressure cuff

A

More difficult to perform during movement/exercise

Provides only a single “point of measure” of blood pressure at one moment in time

Limited application

17
Q

What is the benefit of using a continuous measurement of BP rather than a single measurement

A

A single measurement does not account for natural variability of blood pressure while multiple measures can account for variability

-by measuring blood pressure continuously we can gain far more info on the cardiovascular status and health of the individual

18
Q

What are the PROS of the finger cuff BP measurement

A

-non invasive measurement of continuous blood pressure
-minimal training to operate

19
Q

What are the cons of the finger cuff BP measurement

A

-less accurate - tiny arteries are harder to make precision measures from
-expensive
-cuff sensors are very fragile

20
Q

What are some PROS of the arterial catheter BP measurement

A

-highly precise measurement of continuous BP

21
Q

What are some CONS of the arterial catheter

A

-highly invasive
-extensive training required to insert catheters
-local anesthesia required- may become painful, which will increase BP through a stress response.

22
Q

What is pulse-wave velocity

A

A simple, Non- invasive measure of vascular stiffness and constriction

23
Q

When blood vessels constrict they also _______

A

Stiffen

24
Q

What happens to pulse wave velocity if a vessel is stiffer than normal

A

The stiffer the vessel, the faster the pressure wave will travel along it. A more relaxed vessel will absorb, dampen and slow the pressure wave

25
Q

How can we calculate pulse-wave velocity

A

By comparing when the pulse arrives at the carotid artery of the neck (very close to the aorta) versus the femoral artery in the leg (much further from the heart), we can calculate the pulse-wave velocity

26
Q

What is the equation for pulse wave velocity

A

Pulse-wave velocity = distance travelled (between pulse points) / time between pulses

27
Q

How do autonomic reflexes allow us to maintain BP

A

Depends on the reflexes responding appropriately
-if an individuals reflex is too sensitive, they may experience excessive and dangerous increases in BP
-reflexes that are too insensitive may risk hypotension and ischemia during day-to-day activities

28
Q

How do we measure autonomic activity

A

Microneurography

-by inserting a small needle into a peripheral nerve branch, we can record the electrical signals from the sympathetic NS travelling towards the vasculature in the muscle. These signals cause vasoconstriction and are related to blood pressure

29
Q

What is the baroreflex

A

The baroreflex adjusts sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in response to changes in blood pressure - the constant background regulator

30
Q

What happens if the baroreflex has low sensitivity

A
  • “under-correcting” and failing to swiftly correct drops in pressure
    -risks syncope (fainting) and tissue ischemia during day-to-day activities
31
Q

What happens if the baroreflex sensitivity is too high

A
  • “over-correcting” causing excessive variations in pressure
    -high-pressure oscillations cause cardiac and vascular damage over time
32
Q

how is baroreflex sensitivity assessed?

A

By inducing a change in BP , then measuring the neural (MSNA), cardiac (HR), or vascular (vasoconstriction) responses

-large response indicates high baroreflex sensitivity
-small response indicates low baroreflex sensitivity

33
Q

What are some examples of blood pressure challenges:

A
  1. Sit to stand test
  2. Pharmacological infusion
34
Q

What is the sit to stand test (BP)

A

Standing up rapidly shifts blood towards the legs , evoking a baroreflex response. The magnitude of the HR response is a measure of baroreflex sensitivity

35
Q

How does the chemoreflex influence BP regulation

A

The chemoreflex adjusts sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in response to changes in O2 and carbon dioxide

36
Q

How does the chemoreflex influence BP regulation

A

The chemoreflex adjusts sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in response to changes in O2 and carbon dioxide

Lab Techniques (321) (4 decks)

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