cardiovascular

Question 1

Jan 2022 q4 (D)
outline 2 roles of blood proteins , an 2 roles of hydrostatic pressure in movement of fluid into and out of capillaries.

Answer 1

role of blood proteins
-increase osmostic potential of blood
-lower water potential of blood
-opposite force to hydrostatic pressure
-affect viscosity of blood
-important in drawing fluid back into capillaries from tissues
-low levels increase tissue fluid formation
role of hydrostatic pressure
-opposite force to osmsotic potential of blood proteins
-caused by the heart contracting
-higher in ateriole end
-lower in venule end
-pressure difference as blood flows through capillary
-forces blood plasma/water out of capllaries and/or into cells/tissues

Question 2

Jan 2019 1 mark
what does the term hypertension mean?

Answer 2

high blood pressure

Question 3

5a, 2 marks
identify 2 functions of the blood

Answer 3

transport
temp regulation
exchange of materials with body tissues
preventing infection
blood clotting

Question 4

3b, june 2019
stefan has had a stroke. after several weeks rehabilitation is able to go home. stefans family have been informed about the impact of the stroke and his care needs.
Discuss possible impacts of the stroke on stefans likely needs and lifestyle

Answer 4

impact- mobility issues, muscle spasms, difficulty driving, vision changes, speech loss, swallowing issues, poor balance, memory loss, personality changes.
care- speech/occupational therapy, physiotherapy, walking aid/wheelchair, adaptations to house, home carer, dietary help

Question 5

june 2019 3,c
stefan is told the likely cause of his stroke was blood pressure. Name one other risk factor of strokes

Answer 5

smoking, obesity, high cholesterol, diabetes, excessive alcohol intake, physical trauma, high salt intake, stress, old age, drug abuse, family history/genes

Question 6

stella has developed cataracts, name part of eye affected by cataracts

Answer 6

lens

Question 7

describe the physiological causes of cataracts

Answer 7

protein build up
cloudy vision/ patches develop
cloudiness become more severe / patch sizes increases

Question 8

name the valve that prevents blood leaving the heart and flowing back into ventricles

Answer 8

semi lunar valves

Question 9

name the artery that supplies the heart muscles with nutrients

Answer 9

coronary artery

Question 10

name the type of vein that brings blood back into the right atrium of the heart

Answer 10

vena cava

Question 11

name the artery that carries deoxygenated blood

Answer 11

pulmonary artery

Question 12

june 2019 4c
trevor has coronary heart disease and if recovering from a heart attack
identify 2 possible causes of CHD

Answer 12

lack of oxygen, restricted blood supply, smoking, drug, abuse, diabetes, high, blood pressure, stress, age, family history

Question 13

Analyse strategies that Pamela may wish to follow all at the minimise the effects of her osteoporosis
she is aged 63, hyper blood pressure angina, take law with osteoporosis

Answer 13

healthy diet, including calcium and vitamin D which buildup bones
spend time outdoors , vitamin D synthesises in the skin bone formation medication promote formation of bones, Some reduce rate of bone
painkillers reduces pain
check eyesight will reduce tripping hazards here and test.
cigarettes can reduce bone strength
alcohol reduction reduces weight which os less strain on bones
exercise, strengthen bones and muscles resistant exercise strengthens muscles which help support fragile bones

Question 14

Pamela age 63 has high blood pressure and angina also has been diagnosed with osteoporosis
evaluate how patient lifestyle can influence the risk of developing coronary disease

Answer 14

lack of regular exercise, moderation of alcohol intake, not losing weight if overweight, too much stress plus not relaxing, smoking,
treatable risk factors, such as high, blood pressure, and diabetes, high, fat, diet, excess alcohol leads to buildup of atheroma in all walls,
lack of exercise, high salt, smoking, stress, other weight or lead up to high blood pressure with resulting blood vessel damage
changes to help or stop- smoking, lose weight, exercise a lot, very diet, reducing stress, avoiding drugs, reducing tea, and coffee, intake, controlling, blood, pressure, exercising, vitamin supplements,
social activity - such as, avoiding binge drinking, reducing intake while out, reducing or giving up smoking, regular health checks

Question 15

identify which structure is responsible for delaying the transmission of electrical impulses

Answer 15

Atrial ventricular node/AVN 

Question 16

identify which structure can be described as a pacemaker

Answer 16

Sinoatrial node/SAN 

Question 17

Identify which structure and shows that impulses are rapidly spread through the ventricles

Answer 17

Purkinje fibres

Question 18

The heart is part of the cardiovascular system. Coronary heart disease is a common malfunction of the cardiovascular system.
Identify one of the malfunction, the cardiovascular system has.

Answer 18

Hypertension

Question 19

discuss the options available to monitor and treat coronary, heart disease.you should include medical treatments and lifestyle changes in your answer

Answer 19

monitoring
blood test – cholesterol levels, heart attack
ECG – abnormalities in the cardiac cycle.
Medical/treatments are aspirin, angina pump
lifestyle changes – regular exercise, diet, changes and stop smoking

Question 20

identify two symptoms of coronary, coronary heart

Answer 20

Breathlessness
Chest pain

Question 21

If I were the possible lifestyle changes, Kevin could make to treat his hypertension

Answer 21

changes in diet – eat a balanced diet with low salt and low-fat as it reduces hypertension and helps lose weight.
Changes in exercise routine – regular exercise. This law has BMI. If they are obese it will help to reduce hypertension.
Changes in social activities – stop smoking, reduce alcohol intake and reduce caffeine intake.

Question 22

cardiac cycle is controlled by electrical activity in the heart, which statement is correct.
1)– atrioventricular known as pacemaker
2) atrioventricular, Noord delays, electrical impulse
3) – Purkinje fires, impulses from atria to ventricles
4) Sinoatrial node receives impulse from atrioventricular node

Answer 22

2) atrioventricular noce delays, electrical impulse

Question 23

Compare artery , vein, capillary structures

Answer 23

Artery – thick wall more muscle.
Vein, thin wall, valves.

Capillary – thinnest wall, narrow lumen