cardiovascular Flashcards
circulation
difference in direction of blood flow
pulmonary circulation
from rt side of heart to lungs and back, exchanges CO2 for O2
systemic circulation
from left side of heart to body and back, exchanges O2 for CO2
conduction
electrical impulse which causes myocardium contraction
- SA node > atrial contracts > AV node > ventricular contraction
blood pressure
pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of arteries/veins
- written as a ratio of 120/80
- high bp (hypertension) 140/90
systole
ventricular contraction
- top number
- pulmonary and aortic valves are open
-increase in blood volume = increase in pressure
diastole
- ventricular relaxation
-tricuspid and bicuspid are open
sphygmomanometer
blood pressure cuff
pulse
throbbing of arteries due to ventricular contraction
- normal 60-90 bpm
-blood from ventricles pushing into pipes
-increase in volume of blood
most common pulse point
radial
must be taken with a stethoscope
apical
pulse used for blood pressure
brachial
stress test
test to check for blockages of coronary artery system
-recreate angina to test
-treadmill
angiogram
used to locate blockage of artery
cardiac catherization
tube that runs up from groin to coronary arteries
-inject dye and watch it profuse
echocardiogram
ultrasound of the heart
interventional cardiologist
preforms balloon angioplasties and angiograms
cardiothoracic surgeon
does open heart surgery
- transplants and bypass
holter monitor
portable ekg that monitors electrical impulses through the heart
EKG
measures electrical signals through the heart
defibrillation
shaking the heart to stop it so it can correct itself and beat normally
-via AED
pacemaker
internal defibrillator and regulates heart rate
coronary artery bypass graft
bypassing blocked artery with another artery taken from somewhere else in patient
- “detour”
- “making another artery”
heart transplant
treatment for CHF
balloon angioplasty w/stent
use balloon to open up clogged artery
- minimally invasive
- if anything reclogs, no more stents
angiotesin-converting (ACE) inhibitor
dilates blood vessels
anticoagulant
reduces blood clotting
antihypertensive
reduce blood pressure
antiarrythmic
restores rhythm to heart
calcium channel blocker
dilates blood vessels
diuretic
makes kidneys urinate out excess fluid
digitoxin/digitalis
strengthens the contraction of the heart
aneurysm
localized enlargement of an artery
- result of a weakened arterial wall from plaque
-blood flow/ circulation not affected
angina
severe chest pain due to ischemia of myocardium, usually happens during exertion
congestive heart failure (CHF)
end stage heart disease
- ventricles are so damaged, they can’t pump blood effectively anymore
atherosclerosis
fat plaque (atheroma) that adheres to and hardens arteries, causes arteriosclerosis (narrowing of artery)
arrhythmia
absence of rhythm in heartbeat
-can result in fibrillation
- early childhood - mid 20’s
- electrical/nervous system problem
bradycardia
slow heart rate
tachycardia
fast heart rate
shock
sudden drop in bp resulting in inadequate venous return
- blood is not coming back into vena cava
- could be caused by hemorrhage
embolus
circulating blood clot
- can cause instant death if in pulmonary
- most vulnerable people are post surgery
-anesthesia can cause blood to pool
thrombus
blood clot that got stuck inside a blood vessel
heart murmur
abnormal heart sound due to a valve problem
- blood can regurgitate/backwash
- valve replacement surgery can be done with pig/cow valve
auscultation
listening to heart via stethoscope
hypertension
diagnosis of high blood pressure
myocardial infarction
heart attack, blockage of a coronary artery which results in death of myocardium
- least harmful is in the right distal coronary artery
cholesterol
main purpose is to repair blood vessels
HDL + LDL should be less than 200
LDL goes to repair damaged blood vessel, not enough HDL to bring it out will form plaquing of WBC and LDL in veins
