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Phase 1 Anatomy > CARDIOVASCULAR > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superior part of the sternum

A

manubrium

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2
Q

Joint between clavicle & suprasternal notch

A

sternoclavicular joint

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3
Q

What does the manubrium articulate with

A

clavicle & first rib

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4
Q

What is the middle section of the sternum

A

Body

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5
Q

Joint between manubrium & body of the sternum

A

Manubriosternal joint (Sternal angle/angle of Louis)

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6
Q

Which ribs does the body of the sternum articulate with

A

Ribs 2-7

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7
Q

What is the inferior part of the sternum

A

Xiphoid process (Xiphisternum)

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8
Q

Joint between ribs and costal cartilage

A

costochondral joint

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9
Q

Which ribs are false & why

A

ribs 8-10
Their costal cartilages unite and join to the 7th ribs cartilage.
Cartilages of rib 7-10 form the costal margin.

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10
Q

Joint between ribs and thoracic vertebrae

A

costovertebral joints

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11
Q

Which ribs are typical

A

3-9 as they have a head, neck, tubercle and body

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12
Q

which part of the rib articulates with the vertebral body

A

Head

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13
Q

where does the tubercle of the ribs articulate the vertebrae

A

transverse process

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14
Q

What is a dermatome

A

An area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve

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15
Q

What is the origin of a muscle

A

The site where bone and muscle are attached, but do not move during contraction

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16
Q

what is the insertion of a muscle

A

the site where bone and muscle are attached and move during contraction

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17
Q

origin of pectoralis major

A

Medial third of the clavicle, upper 7 costal cartilages, sternum of up to 6th costal cartilage

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18
Q

insertion of pectoralis major

A

upper humerus

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19
Q

action of pectoralis major contraction

A

adduction and internal rotation of the humerus at the shoulder

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20
Q

origin of pectoralis minor

A

ribs 3-5

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21
Q

insertion of pectoralis minor

A

coracoid process of the scapula

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22
Q

action of pectoralis minor contraction

A

protraction of the scapula

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23
Q

origin of serratus anterior

A

upper 8 ribs

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24
Q

insertion of serratus anterior

A

costal surface of scapula

25
Q

action of serratus anterior contraction

A

protraction of the scapula

26
Q

Which arteries primarily supply the breasts

A

Internal thoracic artery (which arises from the subclavian artery)
Axillary artery.

27
Q

Where is the Internal thoracic artery and what does it supply.

A

Arises from the subclavian artery and courses deep to the lateral edge of the sternum. It gives rise to anterior intercostal arteries that supply the breast and the intercostal spaces

28
Q

which types of nerves supply the breast

A

Somatic sensory fibres innervate the skin of the breast
Sympathetic fibres innervate smooth muscle in the blood vessel walls and nipple

29
Q

five groups of lymph nodes in the axilla

A

central, pectoral, humeral, subscapular, and apical

30
Q

what areas are drained by the lymph nodes in the axilla

A

breast, upper limb, chest wall, scapular region, and the abdominal wall

31
Q

which node in the axilla receives lymph from all other nodes in the axilla

A

Apical nodes
As they drain most of the lymph from the breast, the axillary lymph nodes are often involved in the spread of breast cancer

32
Q

Orientation of external intercostal muscle fibres.

A

antero-inferiorly

33
Q

orientation of internal and innermost intercostal muscles

A

postero-inferiorly

34
Q

where is the end-thoracic facia

A

deep to the innermost intercostal and superficial to the parietal pleura

35
Q

where does the intercostal neurovascular bundles lie

A

along the inferior border of the rib superior to the space, in a shallow costal groove on the deep surface of the rib.
Smaller collateral branches run in the same tissue plane, but in the lower part of the intercostal space.

36
Q

what gives rise to the anterior intercostal arteries

A

internal thoracic artery (a branch of the subclavian artery)

37
Q

what gives rise to the posterior intercostal arteries

A

descending aorta in the posterior thorax

38
Q

where do the intercostal veins drain into

A

anterior - internal thoracic vein
posterior - azygos system of veins

39
Q

what type of nerves are intercostal nerves and what do they innervate

A

somatic and contain motor and sensory fibres. They innervate the intercostal muscles, the skin of the chest wall and the parietal pleura. Intercostal nerves also carry sympathetic fibres.

40
Q

what is visceral pleura

A

membrane that covers the surface of the lungs and extends into the fissures

41
Q

what is parietal pleura

A

membrane that lines the inside of the thorax

42
Q

what is the purpose of the pleural fluid within the pleural cavity

A

creates surface tension between the parietal and visceral pleura, keeping the lung and thoracic wall ‘together’, so that lung changes volume with thoracic cavity. Prevents the lung from ‘collapsing’ away from the thoracic wall.
Lubricates the pleurae

43
Q

Parts of the parietal pleura & what they lie adjacent to

A

The cervical pleura covers the apex of the lung
The costal pleura lies adjacent to the ribs
The mediastinal pleura lies adjacent to the heart
The diaphragmatic pleura lies adjacent to the diaphragm.

44
Q

what is the costodiaphragmatic recess

A

a ‘gutter’ around the periphery of the diaphragm, where the costal pleura becomes continuous with the diaphragmatic pleura

45
Q

what is the costomediastinal recess

A

potential spaces that the lungs expand into during deep inspiration and lies at the junction of the costal and mediastinal pleura

46
Q

which nerves innervate the parietal pleura

A

intercostal nerves that innervate the overlying skin of the chest wall. the somatic sensory fibres carry sensation to our consciousness

47
Q

which type of nerves innervate the visceral pleura

A

autonomic sensory nerves (visceral afferents). Sensation from visceral afferents usually does not reach our conscious perception

48
Q

what is the anterior
extension which extends over the heart called and on which lung

A

lingula
extension of the superior lobe on the left lung

49
Q

in both lungs, what does the oblique fissure separate

A

The inferior lobe from the rest of the lung

50
Q

what is the hilum of the lung and what does it consist of

A

region on the mediastinal surface where the pulmonary artery, 2 pulmonary veins and main bronchus enter and exit the lung

51
Q

describe the positions of the pulmonary artery and main bronchus relative to each other at the hilum for each lung

A

right - main bronchus lies anterior to the pulmonary artery
left - main bronchus lies inferior to the pulmonary artery
For both, the two pulmonary veins are usually the most anterior and inferior vessels.

52
Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate and what does it give rise to

A

at the level of the sternal angle, giving rise to the left and right main bronchi

53
Q

which bronchus is more likely to contain a foreign body or infection and why

A

right main as it’s shorter, wider and descends more vertically

54
Q

what is the bronchial tree

A

branching system of tubes that conduct air into and out of the lungs

55
Q

describe the bronchial tree

A
  • Each main bronchus divides into lobar bronchi; three in the right lung and two in the left lung (i.e. one lobar bronchus for each lobe).
  • Each lobar bronchus divides to give rise to segmental bronchi. There are ten segmental bronchi in each lung.
  • Each segmental bronchus supplies a functionally independent region of the lung called a bronchopulmonary segment; there are ten segments in each lung. Because they are supplied by their own segmental bronchus and blood vessels, a segment may be resected (surgically removed) without affecting the rest of the lung.
  • Segmental bronchi within each bronchopulmonary segment continue to divide into bronchioles. Bronchioles become smaller with each division.
  • The very smallest bronchioles conduct air to and from the alveoli - the site of gas exchange within the lung.
56
Q

name the structures in the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

A

the trachea and bronchi contain both cartilage and smooth muscle
bronchioles ony contain smooth muscle
smooth muscle is under autonomic control

57
Q

vessels which supply the lungs and where do they arise from

A

Bronchial arteries from the descending aorta

58
Q

how does the blood supplying the lungs return to the heart

A

via the bronchial veins which return blood to the azygos system of veins

Phase 1 Anatomy (4 decks)

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