cardiovascular Flashcards
when the heart becomes an inefficient pump and is unable to meet the body’s demands
heart failure
when the blood is oxygenated when it passes through the lungs, but is not well circulated to the organs and tissues
heart failure
what leads to systemic and pulmonary edema, which further impairs gas exchange
impaired circulation - heart failure
a heart muscle disorder that results in heart enlargement and impaired cardiac cantractility
cardiomyopathy
what occurs when the oxygen requirements are unmet
cardiac ischemia
what does prolonged ischemia lead too
MI
plaque builds up inside the arteries reducing the blood flow to the heart muscle
coronary heart disease
what are alterations in heart rhythms
dysthymia
what is caused by dysthymia
lower cardiac output and decrease tissue oxygenation
what creates turbulent flow in the heart
heart valve abnormalities
what does heart valve abnormalities lead to
decrease in cardiac output ans compromised tissue oxygenation
what valves are most commonly affected with heart valve abnormalities
mitral and aortic
heart normally have a audible what
murmer
impaired blood flow to and from organs and tissues
peripheral vascular abnormalities
disrupt flow of oxygenated blood to tissues
arterial abnormalities
s/s of a arterial abnormality
pallor, pain, weak or absent pulse, poor capillary refill, cool skin, and tissue dysfunction
disrupt blood return to the heart
venous abnormalities
s/s of venous abnormalities
edema, brown skin discoloration, and tissue dysfunction example: Stasis ulcers
when the blood is unable to carry adequate amounts of oxygen
hypoxia
abnormally low level of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or both
anemia
what happens when carbon monoxide is inhaled
co2 binds tightly to hemoglobin at the oxygen receptor sites making it impossible to carry oxygen
what are the test of blood oxygenation
pulse oximetry, capnography, arterial blood gases
what is the primary assessment of a person experiencing chest pain
assessment of the chest pain
what is a electrocardiogram
(ECG)- rendering of the electrical activity of the heart- it illustrates electrical activity but not mechanical activity
what is the purposes of cardiac monitoring
identify the patients baseline rhythm and rate, recognize significant changes, recognize lethal dysrhythmias that require immediate intervention
what is the p wave
represents the firing of the SA node and conduction of the impulse through the atria.
what is the QRS complex
represents ventricular depolarization and leads to ventricular contraction
what is the T wave
the return of the ventricles to an electrical resting state so they can be stimulated again
what intervention can reduce the risk pf clot formation in the legs
frequent position changes
right sided heart failure
right ventricle doesn’t pump sufficient amount of blood for lungs to oxygenate and blood backs up into the peripheral veins
left sided heart failure
left ventricle doesn’t pump sufficient amounts of pump to body organs and tissues
what does primary cardiomyopathy occur from
genetic or non cardiovascular causes
what does secondary cardiomyopathy occur form
results from another cardiovascular disease
what is angina pectoris
transient chest pain due to myocardial ischemia - tissue becomes injured but does not die
what occurs during valve stenosis
the valve narrows
what occurs during valve incompetence
the valve fails to close tightly
environmental factors that influence circulation and perfusion
stress, allergic reactions, heat and cold, altitude
lifestyle factors that influence circulation and perfusion
pregnancy, obesity, exercise, tobacco use, substance abuse, nutrition
developmental factors that affect circulation and perfusion for preschool and school age
growth, diet, and obesity, some older children begin habits of tobacco use
developmental factors that affect circulation and perfusion for adolescents
substance abuse, diet, and obesity - although they are at risk for cardiovascular disease, some athletes can be at risk for collapse from cardiac dysrhythmias
developmental factors that affect circulation and perfusion for adults
lifestyle, stress, heredity, diet, exercise, obesity, tobacco use, sedentary lifestyle
developmental factors that affect circulation and perfusion for older adults
lower exercise tolerance, prone to orthostatic hypotension, decreased myocardial strength, thicker and more rigid valves
