Cardiovasc. Alterations

Question 1

varicose veins

Answer 1

enlarged veins, pooling of blood in veins
risk- female, obesity, preg, age, DVT
results- large veins
treatment- elevations, compression, surgery

Question 2

chronic venous insufficiency

Answer 2

incl. varicose v
causes- venous stasis ulcer, dec v return for long time, bad v valves
results- edema lwr extrem, hyperpig, itching
treatment- massage, compression, legs above heart

Question 3

DVT

Answer 3

deep vein thrombosis
vein inflammation with clot formation
vein obstruction
causes- cancer, immob, preg, cancer, heart failure, trauma
results- edema, pain, warm
* considered med emergency

Question 4

hypertension- primary

Answer 4

elevated bp

risks- diet, inc Na, obesity, insulin resist, inflamm

Question 5

hypertension- secondary

Answer 5

results- inc periph. vasc. resistance and dec cardiac o

causes- hormone imbalance, overactive adrenal gland (cortisol), adrenocortical/medull. tumors, drugs

Question 6

hypertension- complicated

Answer 6

organ-specific damage (kid, heart, eyes, brain, lwr extremities)
results- inc p in heart = L heart failure (ischemia)
atherosclerosis, renal failure

Question 7

orthostatic hypotension

Answer 7

dec bp systolic and diast.
lack blood in upper body, can’t compensate for change in gravity
causes- starvation, meds, exhaus, dec cerebral blood flow (blurred vision)

Question 8

aneurysm

Answer 8

local dial of blood vessel wall
most common in aorta
causes- arthrosclerosis
results- pain, hemodynamic changes

Question 9

thrombus

Answer 9

blood clot attached to vessel wall

Question 10

emboli

Answer 10

detached blood clot
id by location
circulates in blood
ex.- air bubble, bac, cancer cell, fat, or amniotic fluid

Question 11

thromboembolism

Answer 11

thrombus w/ emboli complication

mobile blood clot from prexisting clot

Question 12

raynaud phenomenon

Answer 12

vasospasm sm arteries and arterioles
risk- females
causes- cold temp and stress
results- changes skin color and sensation
finger pain, numbness, cyanosis
treatment- stress reduction, underlying problem

Question 13

arteriosclerosis

Answer 13

wall thickening
stiffens arteries and loss elasticity
sm musc cell and collagen go into tunica media
creates plaque accumulation
risks- age, gender, genetics, diab, smoking, obesity, hyperten
results- dec perfusion
treatment- weight loss, inc exercise, diet, dec na intake, antilipidemic drugs, dec hypertension

Question 14

hyperlipidemia

Answer 14

high conc. fat in blood

Question 15

atherosclerosis

Answer 15

happens after arteriosclerosis
plaque on walls- inflamm, macroph adher, fatty streak, fibrous plaque
results- coronary artery dis.

Question 16

coronary artery disease

Answer 16

plaque build-up in coronary walls
(vessel narrows, M ischemia)
risks- hyperlipidem, hyperten, diabetes, obesity, stress, infection, thrombus

Question 17

myocardial ischemia

Answer 17

no o2 bc no blood supply
w/in 10 seconds occlusion
cells good for 20seconds w/out o2 then die
results- dysrhythmias, heart failure, altered conduction, death

Question 18

factors that inc 02 demand

Answer 18

hypertension, inc ventricle vol, l vent. hypertrophy, tachycardia, inc myocard contraction

Question 19

factors that dec o2 supply

Answer 19

inc resistance coronary vessles, hypoten, dec blood vol,

dec preload, dec 02 in blood, dec blood flow or o2 available

Question 20

stable (classic) angina

Answer 20

bc of MI (narrowing and stiff of arterial walls)

results- pain 3-5 min with activity

Question 21

prinzmental (varient) angina

Answer 21

vasospasms at rest (uncontrollable)

causes- hyperact sympath system, inc calcium in arterial sm musc, impaired release prostaglandins

Question 22

silent angina

Answer 22

asymptom
causes- dec afferent nerve innerva, dec local inflamm, mentral stress
inc coronary artery constriction

Question 23

unstable angina

Answer 23

occurs at rest, severe pain

starts w/ artheroscler., plaque build up, thrombosis, acute ischemia, cell necrosis w/ ca2+ entry

Question 24

MI

Answer 24

heart attack myocardial infarction
inadeq perfusion, tissue damage
cause- coronary arter blockage (rupture of artherscl. plaque)
results- chest pain (radiate to L side)
nausea, palpitat, diaphoresis, anxiety, fever (24hrs)
treatment- supplem O2, coronary a bypass graft (CABG), meds

Question 25

MI pathological changes

Answer 25

temporary loss contractility
monocyte hypertrophy
reperfusion

Question 26

MI hemodynamic changes

Answer 26

dec contractility
dec L ven compliance
dec stroke vol and ejection fraction
inc L ven. end diastolic P

Question 27

pericarditis

Answer 27

inflamm pericardium
causes- viral infection, idopathic, MI, trauma, radiation, CT disease
results- fever, retrosternal chest pain

Question 28

pericardial effusion

Answer 28

abnorm
accum fluid in pericard cav= inc P
causes- infection, heart surgery, trauma, MI,chemo
results- muffled heart sounds, faint apical pulse, dyspnea, chest pain, pulsus paradoxus (dec stroke vol and dec cardiac o)
treatment- pericardiocentesis (drain fluid w needle) or shunt

Question 29

cardiomyopathy

Answer 29

dec myocard tissue contraction

abnorm rhythms

Question 30

aortic stenosis

Answer 30

valve btw L vent and aorta narrows

in resisitance P, L ven hypertrophys

Question 31

mitral stenosis

Answer 31

valve btw L atria and L vent.

during diastole

Question 32

valvular regurgitation

Answer 32

valves leak and allow backflow of blood

Question 33

mitral regurg

Answer 33

most common
valve doesnt close after contraction
blood backs up into L atrium from L vent

Question 34

tricuspid regurg

Answer 34

not close during systole
blood back to R atria from R vent
asymptomatic

Question 35

dysrhythmia

Answer 35

disturbed heart rhythm
causes- abnorm conduction, abnorm rate of impulse generation
results- tachycardia, premature atrial/vent constrictions

Question 36

endocarditis (inc patho)

Answer 36

infection endocardium (can involve valves)
cause- bac, IV, surgery, prev. valvular dis
treatment- antib, valve replacement
patho- inflamm = fibrogin and thrombin stick to walls or each other (endocardial vegetations)

Question 37

congestive heart failure CHF

Answer 37

ischemia, dec ejection ability
types- L (systolic v diastolic), R and high output
treatment- stop smoking, light exercise, meds, dec NA
causes- MI, valvular or ischemia dis, hyperten, cardiomyopathy (musc thickening)

Question 38

left sided heart failure

Answer 38

signs- hypoxia (cyanosis), dyspnea, crackles in lung, pulmonary edema

Question 39

left sided heart failure- systolic

Answer 39

cant pump hard enough
dec cardiac output
vent remodeling
causes- MI,cardiomyopath, myocarditis

Question 40

left sided heart failure- diastolic

Answer 40

cant fill enough, low total Vol
reduced preload, pulm congestion
causes- diab, ischemia, valvular/pericard dis, myocardial hypertrophy, aortic stenosis

Question 41

right sided heart failure

Answer 41

dec venous P to pulm circuit
causes- prolonged L heart failure
results- dependant edema, jugular venous distention, enlarged liver, ascites (accum fluid periotneal cavity)
signs- flushed face, headache, visual disturbances

Question 42

high output failure

Answer 42

inability heart supply metabolic needs
normal-high contractility
causes- anemia/hypoxia, sepsis (vasodil), hyperthyroidism

Question 43

shock

Answer 43

cardiovasc not supply blood to tissues, impaired cellular metab
patho- dec circ vol, anaerobic metab, muscle wasting, cannot remove waste

Question 44

cardiogenic shock

Answer 44

dec cardiac o, (bc vent failure)
Irreversible!!!
results- dec mental act, pulm/systemic edema, hypotension, dyspnea, oliguria (sm urine amnts)

Question 45

hypovolemic shock

Answer 45

dec vol (hemorr/ dehydra)
Na dilution
results- inc systemic vasc resistance, poor skin turgor, thirst, dec preload, faint/fast pulse

Question 46

septic shock

Answer 46

dec tissue o2 and perfusion bc of infection
vasodil from inflam response
results- hypotension, dec myocard contract, lactic acidosis, pulm congestion
MED EMERGENCY

Question 47

MODS (multiple organ dysfunction syndrome)

Answer 47

2+ organ failure, inflamm response to injury/illness

Question 48

pulm circuit

Answer 48

pulm arteries to vein

Question 49

systemic circuit

Answer 49

aorta to vena cava

Question 50

flow of blood

Answer 50

infer/superior vena cava, R atria, tricuspid, R ven, pul semilunar valve, pul trunk, pul, arteries, lungs
pulm veins, L atria, mitral/ bicuspid valve, L ven, aortic semi-lunar valve, aorta, body