Cardiovasc. Alterations Flashcards
varicose veins
enlarged veins, pooling of blood in veins
risk- female, obesity, preg, age, DVT
results- large veins
treatment- elevations, compression, surgery
chronic venous insufficiency
incl. varicose v
causes- venous stasis ulcer, dec v return for long time, bad v valves
results- edema lwr extrem, hyperpig, itching
treatment- massage, compression, legs above heart
DVT
deep vein thrombosis vein inflammation with clot formation vein obstruction causes- cancer, immob, preg, cancer, heart failure, trauma results- edema, pain, warm * considered med emergency
hypertension- primary
elevated bp
risks- diet, inc Na, obesity, insulin resist, inflamm
hypertension- secondary
results- inc periph. vasc. resistance and dec cardiac o
causes- hormone imbalance, overactive adrenal gland (cortisol), adrenocortical/medull. tumors, drugs
hypertension- complicated
organ-specific damage (kid, heart, eyes, brain, lwr extremities)
results- inc p in heart = L heart failure (ischemia)
atherosclerosis, renal failure
orthostatic hypotension
dec bp systolic and diast.
lack blood in upper body, can’t compensate for change in gravity
causes- starvation, meds, exhaus, dec cerebral blood flow (blurred vision)
aneurysm
local dial of blood vessel wall
most common in aorta
causes- arthrosclerosis
results- pain, hemodynamic changes
thrombus
blood clot attached to vessel wall
emboli
detached blood clot
id by location
circulates in blood
ex.- air bubble, bac, cancer cell, fat, or amniotic fluid
thromboembolism
thrombus w/ emboli complication
mobile blood clot from prexisting clot
raynaud phenomenon
vasospasm sm arteries and arterioles
risk- females
causes- cold temp and stress
results- changes skin color and sensation
finger pain, numbness, cyanosis
treatment- stress reduction, underlying problem
arteriosclerosis
wall thickening
stiffens arteries and loss elasticity
sm musc cell and collagen go into tunica media
creates plaque accumulation
risks- age, gender, genetics, diab, smoking, obesity, hyperten
results- dec perfusion
treatment- weight loss, inc exercise, diet, dec na intake, antilipidemic drugs, dec hypertension
hyperlipidemia
high conc. fat in blood
atherosclerosis
happens after arteriosclerosis
plaque on walls- inflamm, macroph adher, fatty streak, fibrous plaque
results- coronary artery dis.
coronary artery disease
plaque build-up in coronary walls
(vessel narrows, M ischemia)
risks- hyperlipidem, hyperten, diabetes, obesity, stress, infection, thrombus
myocardial ischemia
no o2 bc no blood supply
w/in 10 seconds occlusion
cells good for 20seconds w/out o2 then die
results- dysrhythmias, heart failure, altered conduction, death
factors that inc 02 demand
hypertension, inc ventricle vol, l vent. hypertrophy, tachycardia, inc myocard contraction
factors that dec o2 supply
inc resistance coronary vessles, hypoten, dec blood vol,
dec preload, dec 02 in blood, dec blood flow or o2 available
stable (classic) angina
bc of MI (narrowing and stiff of arterial walls)
results- pain 3-5 min with activity
prinzmental (varient) angina
vasospasms at rest (uncontrollable)
causes- hyperact sympath system, inc calcium in arterial sm musc, impaired release prostaglandins
silent angina
asymptom
causes- dec afferent nerve innerva, dec local inflamm, mentral stress
inc coronary artery constriction
unstable angina
occurs at rest, severe pain
starts w/ artheroscler., plaque build up, thrombosis, acute ischemia, cell necrosis w/ ca2+ entry
MI
heart attack myocardial infarction
inadeq perfusion, tissue damage
cause- coronary arter blockage (rupture of artherscl. plaque)
results- chest pain (radiate to L side)
nausea, palpitat, diaphoresis, anxiety, fever (24hrs)
treatment- supplem O2, coronary a bypass graft (CABG), meds
MI pathological changes
temporary loss contractility
monocyte hypertrophy
reperfusion
MI hemodynamic changes
dec contractility
dec L ven compliance
dec stroke vol and ejection fraction
inc L ven. end diastolic P
pericarditis
inflamm pericardium
causes- viral infection, idopathic, MI, trauma, radiation, CT disease
results- fever, retrosternal chest pain
pericardial effusion
abnorm
accum fluid in pericard cav= inc P
causes- infection, heart surgery, trauma, MI,chemo
results- muffled heart sounds, faint apical pulse, dyspnea, chest pain, pulsus paradoxus (dec stroke vol and dec cardiac o)
treatment- pericardiocentesis (drain fluid w needle) or shunt
cardiomyopathy
dec myocard tissue contraction
abnorm rhythms
aortic stenosis
valve btw L vent and aorta narrows
in resisitance P, L ven hypertrophys
mitral stenosis
valve btw L atria and L vent.
during diastole
valvular regurgitation
valves leak and allow backflow of blood
mitral regurg
most common
valve doesnt close after contraction
blood backs up into L atrium from L vent
tricuspid regurg
not close during systole
blood back to R atria from R vent
asymptomatic
dysrhythmia
disturbed heart rhythm
causes- abnorm conduction, abnorm rate of impulse generation
results- tachycardia, premature atrial/vent constrictions
endocarditis (inc patho)
infection endocardium (can involve valves)
cause- bac, IV, surgery, prev. valvular dis
treatment- antib, valve replacement
patho- inflamm = fibrogin and thrombin stick to walls or each other (endocardial vegetations)
congestive heart failure CHF
ischemia, dec ejection ability
types- L (systolic v diastolic), R and high output
treatment- stop smoking, light exercise, meds, dec NA
causes- MI, valvular or ischemia dis, hyperten, cardiomyopathy (musc thickening)
left sided heart failure
signs- hypoxia (cyanosis), dyspnea, crackles in lung, pulmonary edema
left sided heart failure- systolic
cant pump hard enough
dec cardiac output
vent remodeling
causes- MI,cardiomyopath, myocarditis
left sided heart failure- diastolic
cant fill enough, low total Vol
reduced preload, pulm congestion
causes- diab, ischemia, valvular/pericard dis, myocardial hypertrophy, aortic stenosis
right sided heart failure
dec venous P to pulm circuit
causes- prolonged L heart failure
results- dependant edema, jugular venous distention, enlarged liver, ascites (accum fluid periotneal cavity)
signs- flushed face, headache, visual disturbances
high output failure
inability heart supply metabolic needs
normal-high contractility
causes- anemia/hypoxia, sepsis (vasodil), hyperthyroidism
shock
cardiovasc not supply blood to tissues, impaired cellular metab
patho- dec circ vol, anaerobic metab, muscle wasting, cannot remove waste
cardiogenic shock
dec cardiac o, (bc vent failure)
Irreversible!!!
results- dec mental act, pulm/systemic edema, hypotension, dyspnea, oliguria (sm urine amnts)
hypovolemic shock
dec vol (hemorr/ dehydra) Na dilution results- inc systemic vasc resistance, poor skin turgor, thirst, dec preload, faint/fast pulse
septic shock
dec tissue o2 and perfusion bc of infection
vasodil from inflam response
results- hypotension, dec myocard contract, lactic acidosis, pulm congestion
MED EMERGENCY
MODS (multiple organ dysfunction syndrome)
2+ organ failure, inflamm response to injury/illness
pulm circuit
pulm arteries to vein
systemic circuit
aorta to vena cava
flow of blood
infer/superior vena cava, R atria, tricuspid, R ven, pul semilunar valve, pul trunk, pul, arteries, lungs
pulm veins, L atria, mitral/ bicuspid valve, L ven, aortic semi-lunar valve, aorta, body
