Cardiovasc

Question 1

2 most common causes of heart failure

Answer 1

hypertension and CHD

Question 2

causes of heart failure

Answer 2

affecting the heart- Hypertension, CHD, arrhythmias, valvular diseases, cardiomyopathies, post MI, drugs, infection, endocrine
systemic- pregnancy, hyperthyroidism, sepsis, anaemia, pagets disease

Question 3

symptoms of heart failure

Answer 3

breathlessness on exertion, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, peripheral oedema, cough (nocturnal +- pink frothy sputum), orthopnoea

Question 4

signs on examination of heart failure

Answer 4

tachycardia at rest, low systolic BP, displaced apex due to LV hypertrophy, murmurs if valvular disease, increased JVP, bibasal lung crackles, peripheral oedema

Question 5

Diagnosis of heart failure

Answer 5

brain natriuretic peptide
ECG, echo, bloods
CXR- Alveolar oedema, kerley B lines, Cardiomegaly, Dilated upperlobe vessels, pleural Effusion

Question 6

Treatment for heart failure

Answer 6

lifestyle modification
diuretics, ACEi, Betablocker
ARB, ivabradine